我国北方地区节水农业技术水平及评价

在系统分析我国节水农业技术水平现状的基础上 ,对各类节水技术的差距和存在问题进行了探讨 ,提出了各类技术亟待研究解决的若干重点问题。并指出建立以渠道防渗技术、管道输水技术及地面灌水技术为核心 ,符合国情的节水农业技术体系已迫在眉睫。     

Creating and Consolidating Locally Managed Irrigation in Turkey: the National Perspective

The Turkish program of irrigationmanagement transfer has gained worldwidecelebrity for its speed and effectiveness. This paper describes the program brieflyand assesses its effectiveness from anational perspective. The assessmentincludes changes in staffing levels,operational costs, service fee levels, andcost recovery from farmers. A companionpaper examines impacts at the local leveland looks specifically at changes in systemperformance.     

An integrated modelling toolbox for water resources assessment and management in highland catchments: Model description

Water and land resource competition and environmental degradation pose difficult questions for resource managers. In particular, the ensuing trade-offs between economic, environmental, and social factors and their spatiotemporal variability must be considered when implementing management policies. This paper describes an integrated modelling toolbox that has been developed for highland catchments – specifically the Mae Chaem catchment in Northern Thailand. This toolbox contains models of crop growth, erosion and rainfall-runoff, as well as household decision and socioeconomic impact models. The approach described advances and complements previous approaches by: considering more complex interactions between land-use decisions and the hydrological cycle; modelling household decisions based on uncertain expectations; and assessing impacts of changes not only on flows and household income, but also on subsistence production and erosion. An example of the types of trade-offs and scenarios that can be assessed using the integrated modelling toolbox is also presented. This demonstrates that for the scenarios presented, the magnitude and direction of impacts simulated by the model is not dependent on climate. Further testing of the model is demonstrated in a companion paper. Overall, the plausibility of the model is shown.     

东港灌区运行状况综合评价研究

在灌区续建配套与节水改造规划工作实施的基础上，拟建了一套合理的评价指标体系，利用层次分析法（AHP）确定评价指标的权重，建立了模糊综合评判（FCE）数学模型，并运用该模型对东港市的三个灌区的运行状况进行综合评价，评价结果与实际情况吻合良好。     

农业资源环境价值与评估方法

农业资源环境价值,尤其是对农业资源环境非市场价值的认识,是农业资源核算所面临的首要问题。文章在分析传统经济学价值理论的基础上,提出了可持续发展的自然资源价值观,认为只有从可持续发展出发认识自然资源价值,才能建立科学的自然资源核算价值理论。对农业资源价值给予全面、准确的评估并将其纳入资源价格体系是农业资源可持续利用的关键。为此,经济学家创建了一系列的价值评估方法。     

Exposure of four Filipino farmers to parathion-methyl while spraying string beans

Filipino farmers resist wearing protective garments while spraying, preferring to wear long-sleeved cotton polyester shirts and short or long trousers. The exposure of farmers while wearing this attire and spraying was assessed to determine what degree of protection it afforded farmers under tropical conditions. Absorbent pads were placed on the outer and inner wear on various body parts. Applicators sprayed parathion-methyl on fruiting string beans at the recommended rate and residues were analyzed by gas chromatography. Each farmer had a characteristic spraying pattern which resulted in peculiar residue levels in some body parts. Inner exposure did not exceed the tolerable dermal exposure level during warm days while using proper spraying techniques. The use of long-sleeved cotton polyester shirt and thick polyester trousers provides, to a certain degree, protection for farmers during warm days. A change of clothing would be a more acceptable measure for farmers than wearing uncomfortable and impractical protective garments. The following spraying techniques reduced farmer exposure: fully outstretched arm, minimal body twisting and smooth hand movements. The use of thick polyester long trousers, gloves or a suitable substitute and the removal of weeds within the crop area also reduce farmer exposure to insecticides. Re-designing the bottle to include a plastic lip, in order to avoid spillage, is also recommended to reduce exposure during the critical mixing stage. Laundering the shirt immediately after use removes a significant amount of residues (96–97%) and contributes towards the protection of farm workers. These recommendations should provide useful data for incorporation in farmer-training programes on the proper use of pesticides.     

宁夏重点湖泊生态健康评价与修复对策研究

针对宁夏湖泊湿地生态环境退化的问题,以宁夏重点湖泊为对象,利用多指标体系评价法,建立宁夏湖泊湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,采用湖泊综合评判方法,对宁夏重点湖泊进行生态健康评价,评价结果显示沙湖、星海湖、阅海、腾格里湖为亚健康状态,鸣翠湖和宝湖为健康状态.同时根据各湖泊湿地生态系统健康评价的结果,分析各湖泊存在的主要问题...     

广西右江河谷产地芒果农药残留现状及膳食风险评估

研究了广西右江河谷地区芒果中农药残留现状,并做了人群的膳食风险评估,旨在为芒果农产品的农业主管部门监管提供科学依据。在右江河谷产区采集99份芒果样品,对样品中107种农药残留进行分析检测,并运用点评估方法对农药残留膳食摄入风险进行评估。结果表明,芒果的检出农药类型上,以甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂为主,检出率高达61.61%;累计检出20种农药残留,样品检出率为80.80%,其中吡唑醚菌酯检出率最高,达到46.46%;按照GB 2763-2021判定,超标数量达到14份,占总样品数量的14.14%,吡唑醚菌酯和氯氟氰菊酯两种农药超标;检出农药对成人和儿童的慢性膳食摄入%ADI在0.00 -2.43 %之间,其中氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯对儿童的急性膳食摄入%ARfD分别为101.82%、136.16 %,所有检出农药对成人的急性膳食摄入%ARfD均小于100 %。广西右江河谷地区芒果中多农药组分残留情况明显,吡唑醚菌酯和氯氟氰菊酯需要重点监测关注;儿童对芒果中摄入氯氟氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的农药残留急性膳食有一定的暴露风险,成人对芒果中检出的所有农药急、慢性膳食暴露风险极低。     

无公害农产品生产基地环境质量评价研究

以中牟县为例,从大气、农田灌溉水和土壤3个方面,运用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法,较为系统的评价了其作为无公害农产品生产基地的环境质量现状,并对环境质量监测及评价方法等进行了探讨。     

企业核心竞争力评价模型与H省企业核心竞争力状况分析(Ⅱ)--核心竞争力评价模型角度的H省企业核心竞争力状况分析

入世后,企业之间的竞争已主要不是产品市场选择的竞争而是企业内部资源与能力的竞争,尤其是企业的核心竞争能力的竞争。于是,培育自身的核心竞争力就成为企业在市场中赢得竞争优势所面临的主要任务。为此,企业首先应对其自身的核心竞争力状况进行评价;而这需要借助科学的评价模型。在对有关企业核心竞争力的理论分析的基础上,提出了企业核心竞争力评价模型,并运用该模型对H省企业的核心竞争力状况进行了分析和评价,得出了一些有价值的结论,为H省企业在核心竞争力建设方面提供参考。