油茶炭疽菌携带病毒种类鉴定及多样性分析

 炭疽菌是重要的植物病原真菌,能够引起多种植物炭疽病。真菌病毒广泛存在于植物病原菌中,侵染炭疽菌属真菌的病毒资源有待挖掘。本文利用宏病毒组测序技术,对分离自我国南部6个省份不同油茶园的40株油茶炭疽菌中的病毒进行了鉴定。经过同源比对分析,发现10种基因组类型均为正义单琏RNA的新病毒。它们分属于减毒病毒科(Hypoviridae)、裸露病毒科(Narnaviridae)、线粒体病毒科(Mitoviridae)和葡萄孢欧尔密病毒科(Botourmiaviridae)。本研究是我国南方油茶炭疽病菌携带病毒的首次报道。研究结果丰富了炭疽菌属所携带的病毒基因组信息,可为深入分析炭疽菌真菌病毒的多样性和分子特性奠定基础。     

广西南宁避雨栽培葡萄炭疽病的病原菌鉴定

炭疽病是葡萄的主要病害之一, 避雨栽培措施对葡萄炭疽病具有较好的防控作用?然而2020年, 在广西地区避雨栽培的葡萄上也发生了较严重的炭疽病, 田间调查发现, 炭疽病病穗率高达70%~80%, 造成产量损失50%?本研究于2020年从广西南宁市的‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄炭疽病病果中分离得到4株炭疽病菌?根据形态特征和多基因(ITS? ACT? TUB2? GAPDH 和CAL)系统发育分析, 将4个菌株鉴定为Colletotrichum viniferum?这是在广西首次发现C.viniferum引起葡萄炭疽病?     

人参生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum panacicola)和线列炭疽菌(C. lineola)的生物学特性及其对不同杀菌剂的敏感性研究

 近年来,炭疽属真菌(Colletotrichum spp.)引起的人参炭疽病,给人参生产造成了重大经济损失。本文选取分离自我国吉林省栽培人参上的两种炭疽菌人参生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum panacicola)和线列炭疽菌(C. lineola),通过平板培养,测定了它们在不同培养基、温度、碳源、氮源、pH值和光照条件下的生物学特性;采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对14种杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,两种炭疽菌的最适生长温度均为25 ℃,最适生长pH值均为7,光暗交替有利于两种菌的菌丝生长。其中,人参生炭疽菌的菌丝生长最适培养基为V8汁培养基,最适碳源和氮源分别是淀粉和硝酸钾;线列炭疽菌的菌丝生长最适培养基为PDA和PSA培养基,最适碳源和氮源分别是淀粉和硝酸铵;两种炭疽菌对13种药剂敏感,咯菌睛、戊唑醇、抑霉唑、多菌灵、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、己唑醇、甲基硫菌灵8种药剂对两种炭疽菌的室内抑菌活性较好,EC₅₀值均小于5.0 μg·mL^-1。咯菌睛、戊唑醇、抑霉唑、多菌灵、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、己唑醇、甲基硫菌灵8种药剂对两种炭疽菌的室内抑菌活性较好,EC₅₀值均小于5.0 μg·mL^-1,其中咯菌睛抑菌活性最强,EC₅₀值均小于0.1 μg·mL^-1。两种炭疽菌对同一药剂的敏感性存在差异,线列炭疽菌对吡唑醚菌酯敏感性较高,EC₅₀值小于0.1 μg·mL^-1,而人参生炭疽菌对该药剂的敏感性相对较低(EC₅₀值高于200 μg·mL^-1)。该结果为人参炭疽病发病规律的研究及其田间有效防治奠定了基础。     

Relative importance of seed‐tuber and soilborne inoculum in causing black dot disease of potato

Controlled‐environment and field experiments were done to quantify the individual contribution of seed‐tuber and soilborne inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes in causing black dot disease of potato tubers. Seed‐tuber and soilborne inocula of C. coccodes were quantified using an existing real‐time PCR assay and related to subsequent incidence and severity of disease. In four field trials, a controlled‐environment experiment and through the monitoring of 122 commercial crops, seed‐tuber inoculum was found to be relatively less important than soilborne inoculum in causing black dot, and the level of seed‐tuber inoculum did not significantly affect either the incidence or severity of disease or the percentage of progeny tubers deemed unmarketable. By contrast, soilborne inoculum had the potential to result in high levels of disease and the level of C. coccodes soil infestation (pg DNA g^?1 soil) was found to have a significant effect. At soil infestation levels below 100 pg DNA C. coccodes g^?1 soil, 7% of commercial crops had an incidence of black dot greater than 20%, increasing to 40% and 57% of crops at levels of 100–1000 pg g^?1 and >1000 pg g^?1 soil, respectively. These arbitrary threshold levels for soilborne inoculum related to disease risk are discussed. Interpretation of disease risk based on inoculum levels must, in the future, be informed by agronomic variables and potential control strategies.     

胶孢炭疽菌CgSho1基因的克隆与功能分析

HOG-MAPK(high osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase)信号途径是真菌MAPK途径中参与渗透压响应的一条重要通路,在植物病原菌生长发育及致病过程中发挥着重要的作用。Sho1(synthetic high osmolarity-sensitive protein1)是HOG-M APK信号途径上游的一个重要感受器,在不同真菌中常具有不同的功能。本研究从胶孢炭疽菌中克隆了Sho1的同源基因,命名为Cg Sho1,该基因编码一个291个氨基酸的蛋白,含有4个跨膜结构域和一个SH3功能域。利用同源重组的方法获得了该基因的敲除突变体,与野生型相比,敲除突变体表现为营养生长缓慢,菌丝稀疏且疏水性增强,产孢量下降,对氧化压力和渗透压更加敏感,致病力明显减弱。上述结果表明,Cg Sho1参与调控胶胞炭疽菌的营养生长、分生孢子产量、氧化应激反应、渗透压响应及致病性。     

与苦丁茶炭疽病抗性基因连锁的RAPD标记

为了研发出与苦丁茶炭疽病抗性基因紧密连锁的RAPD-SCAR特异标记,本研究中首先利用92条RAPD随机引物对苦丁茶冬青中已知对炭疽病高抗或高感的不同种质材料进行RAPD分析,并从中寻找到4个与苦丁茶炭疽病抗性基因紧密连锁的RAPD特异标记特异性片段S69-300,S227-300,S227-2000和S247-400。后续的研究可对这些RAPD特异片段进行回收,扩增和测序,并将测序结果作为开发与苦丁茶炭疽病抗性基因紧密连锁的SCAR标记的基础。     

Induction and mechanism of cucumber resistance to anthracnose induced by Pieris rapae extract

Pieris rapae extract was sprayed on the surface of cucumber leaf to determine the induction of resistance to anthracnose. The enzyme activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) were detected on cucumber leaves after P. rapae extract induction and pathogen challenge. The results showed that the disease index of cucumber anthracnose was significantly decreased after the cucumber was induced with the P. rapae extract at a concentration of 5.0 mg·mL⁻¹. The POD and PPO activities in foliar-applied P. rapae extract without pathogen inoculation (PETO) or with pathogen inoculation (PETI) were relatively higher than those with no-P. rapae extract treatment and without pathogen inoculation (CONO) or with pathogen inoculation (CONI), respectively. The results suggested that the increased levels of POD and PPO activities in PETO and PETI play an important role in the induction of resistance to cucumber anthracnose.     

Non-abscised aborted sweet cherry fruits are vulnerable to fruit decaying fungi and may be sources of infection for healthy fruits

During three growing seasons (1999–2001), disease incidence of non-abscised aborted and normally developing (sound) sweet cherry fruits were investigated in a research orchard at Ullensvang, western Norway. To reveal possible fungal infections, aborted and sound fruits of two cultivars (cv. Van for three years and cv. Lapins for two years) were harvested over four to seven weeks in an experimental orchard during the green fruit phase and incubated at 20°C in moisture saturated air for 7 days. The most frequently observed fungal pathogens were Monilinia laxa, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Botrytis cinerea. The mean of all observations (±standard deviation) over three years, showed that aborted and sound fruits had a disease incidence of 51.9% (±31.8) and 5.2% (±9.7), respectively, after seven days incubation. In 24 of 25 trials aborted fruits had significantly higher disease incidence than sound fruits after incubation. In one season, when fruits were collected from two commercial orchards, aborted fruits had much higher disease incidence than sound fruits (a mean of 6.5 and 4.5 times higher incidence for the two orchards, respectively). Time of fruit abortion varied with the years (two years observation) and the two cultivars, but the major abortion took place between the fourth and eighth week after anthesis. A higher disease incidence and more rapid disease development in non-abscised aborted fruits indicate that they are more vulnerable to fungal colonisation than sound fruits and may thus be potential incoulum sources for neighbouring, healthy fruits.