Tundra plants protect the soil surface from UV

In the Arctic, seasonal ozone depletion is resulting in periods of enhanced UV-B radiation at ground level while regional climate change is associated with increasing temperatures. These changes are likely to alter plant distribution, biodiversity and morphology, which may have knock-on effects for microbially driven biogeochemical cycling and other soil processes. Our study examined the transmission of solar UV radiation through arctic tundra plants using a portable UV radiometer and the DLR-biofilm biological UV dosimeter. A strong negative correlation was found between vegetation cover and UV transmission to the soil surface. Penetration of UV to the soil beneath tundra plants varied depending upon plant morphology, being greater through low creeping plants than cushion plants, grasses or mosses. UV transmission to the soil surface beyond the foliage edge also varied with plant morphology and the presence of flowers.     

气候变化对河南省主要农作物生育期的影响

利用河南省7个农业气象观测站1981-2004年冬小麦、夏玉米的生育期观测资料和同期的气象资料,分析了这两种作物主要生育期的变化趋势及对气候变化的响应。结果表明:河南省冬小麦自返青到成熟的各生育期均表现出提前的趋势,其中以拔节期提前最明显;冬小麦全生育期缩短,存在1.3d/10a的总减少趋势;相关分析显示导致冬小麦生育期提前的主要原因是2-5月平均气温的上升和3月日照时数的增加。夏玉米所有生育期都表现出延迟的趋势,以成熟期延迟程度最大;夏玉米全生育期天数呈现出显著增加的趋势,增加速率为2.1d/10a;6-9月总降水量减少是造成夏玉米生育期延迟的主要原因。     

河南雨养农业区土壤水分与气候变化的关系

利用河南省8个农业气象观测站1981—2005年的气象和土壤水分观测资料进行分析，结果表明：①河南省近25a来的年平均气温以0.05℃／a的速度上升，年降水量变化不明显；②土壤水分与气温呈极显著的负相关关系，而与降水呈极显著的正相关关系。得出：受气候变暖的影响，近25a来河南省雨养农业区土壤水分呈明显下降趋势。     

湖北省烤烟生产的气候分区

根据湖北各产烟县市1961—2000年的气象资料，应用系统聚类方法，将全省烤烟种植区划分为5类气候区，并对其气候特点及适宜移栽期进行了分析。通过与国内外优质烤烟区气候条件对比分析，探讨确定了省内优质烤烟的生产区域，其中以咸丰、利川和五峰的气候条件最为优越，为全省及县域内烤烟布局调整和相关技术措施的调整和改进提供依据。     

近150年北京春季物候对气候变化的响应

对北京春季6种物候的计算得出其代表性指标一山桃始花期，并分析物候对气温变化的响应模式。根据气温变化态势，将历史时期气温和物候资料划分为4个时间段，并采用u检验论证时间段间具有显著性差异，分析物候期对气温变化的响应模式和机制，得出：物候期的提前与推迟对温度的增高与降低的响应是非线性的，在同等增、降温幅度下，因降温而导致的物候期推迟幅度较因增温而导致物候期提前幅度小；平均气温增高1℃，北京春季物候期提前2．8—3．6d。并估算了未来北京春季物候变化趋势。     

陇东黄土高原春播紫花苜蓿生态气候特征及适生种植区划

根据对春播两年生紫花苜蓿生长状况和相应气象观测资料的分析，探讨了陇东黄土高原地区春播紫花苜蓿的生长发育与平均气温、积温及降水量等生态气侯条件的定量关系，据此得出陇东地区紫花苜蓿的适生种植区划和气侯风险区划。综合区划结果提出开发利用气侯资源的途径和生产紫花苜蓿的对策，为陇东地区进一步调整农业生产结构，发展畜牧业生产和改善生态环境提供依据。     

中国土壤氮含量、空间格局及其环境控制

Soil holds the largest nitrogen （N） pool in terrestrial ecosystems, but estimates of soil N stock remain controversial. Storage and spatial distribution of soil N in China were estimated and the relationships between soil N density and environmental factors were explored using data from China＇s Second National Soil Survey and field investigation in northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau. China＇s soil N storage at a depth of one meter was estimated at 7.4 Pg, with an average density of 0.84 kg m^-2. Soil N density appeared to be high in southwest and northeast China and low in the middle areas of the country. Soil N density increased from the arid to semi-arid zone in northern China, and decreased from cold-temperate to tropical zone in the eastern part of the country. An analysis of general linear model suggested that climate and vegetation determined the spatial pattern of soil N density for natural vegetation, which explained 75.4% of the total variance.     

黄河源区气候温暖化及其对植被生产力影响评价

在分析黄河源区气温、降水变化的基础上，用Turc经验模式计算黄河源区的蒸散量，同时分析了近十几年来土壤湿度、植被地上净初级生产力的变化特征。结果表明，1959—2005年，黄河源区年平均气温按0．0284℃／a的变率升高，降水变化态势平稳，但蒸散量增加趋势明显，上升倾向率达0．7315mm／a，气温上升趋势与年代增加具有明显的相关性。从1987年以来土壤湿度的监测结果分析得知，黄河源区下垫面蒸散量的加大使土壤向干暖化发展。这种气候因素的影响，导致近十几年来植被地上净初级生产力按9．506g／（m^2a）的倾向率下降。     

Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements

Although freeze-thaw cycles can alter soil physical properties and microbial activity, their overall impact on soil functioning remains unclear. This review addresses the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil physical properties, microorganisms, carbon and nutrient dynamics, trace gas losses and higher organisms associated with soil. I discuss how the controlled manipulation of freeze-thaw cycles has varied widely among studies and propose that, despite their value in demonstrating the mechanisms of freeze-thaw action in soils, many studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles have used cycle amplitudes, freezing rates and minimum temperatures that are not relevant to temperature changes across much of the soil profile in situ. The lack of coordination between the timing of soil collection and the season for which freeze-thaw cycles are being simulated is also discussed. Suggested improvements to future studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles include the maintenance of realistic temperature fluctuations across the soil profile, soil collection in the appropriate season and the inclusion of relevant surface factors such as plant litter in the fall or excess water in the spring. The implications of climate change for soil freeze-thaw cycles are addressed, along with the need to directly assess how changes in soil freeze-thaw cycle dynamics alter primary production.     

重庆近46年气候变化特征分析

利用重庆34个地面气象观测站1960-2005年降水量、降水日数、气温等观测资料的年平均值,运用线性倾向估计、小波分析和M-K突变检验等方法对重庆近46 a来气候变化的主要特征进行了分析。结果表明：分析期内重庆年降水量的线性变化趋势不明显,但以2-3 a的周期波动变化为主,1984年是近46 a降水量变化的显著突变点,20世纪80年代为多雨期,90年代则为相对少雨期。降水日数以2-4 a的年际变化周期为主,呈现显著的线性减少趋势,1984年以后降水日数偏少的年份比之前明显偏多。年平均气温的线性变化趋势不明显,但具有明显的阶段性,20世纪80年代为偏冷期,进入21世纪后则显著上升,其平均值高出多年平均值0.4℃。降水和气温在各年代的变化特征存在较好的对应关系,如20世纪80年代为多雨、偏冷期,21世纪初为少雨、偏暖期。