7种睡莲属植物叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

以7种睡莲属植物叶绿体基因组为研究对象,分析其叶绿体基因组的密码子使用偏好性,探讨影响其密码子偏好性形成的主要因素。结果表明,7种睡莲叶绿体密码子使用偏好性相似,基因组序列富含A/T碱基,密码子第3位碱基以A/T结尾为主;有效密码子数（ENc）分别为40.14~61.00、40.14~61.00、40.55~57.61、39.77~57.61、39.55~57.30、39.56~61.00和40.10~61.00,均明显大于35,表明其密码子使用偏好性较弱。ENc-plot、PR2-plot和中性绘图分析表明,它们的叶绿体密码子偏好性形成受自然选择、碱基突变等多种因素共同影响,其中自然选择起主导作用。通过同义密码子RSCU值分析,发现以A/T结尾的高频密码子27个,以G/C结尾的低频密码子26个,进一步依据密码子RSCU和△RSCU值,最终确定出4个最优密码子。此外,基于7种睡莲叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好特征RSCU值、CDS序列及其全基因组序列分别构建系统进化树,分析发现3种方法构建的物种间进化关系相似,均划分为2大分支,其中Nymphaea alba var.rubra、Nymphaea alba、Nymphaea ampla、Nymphaea capensis、Nymphaea jamesoniana和Nymphaea lotus划归第1分支,Nymphaea mexicana单独形成第2分支。研究结果进一步支持了物种内遗传关系与密码子使用偏好性之间存在一定关系。     

香花枇杷质体基因组序列密码子偏性分析

选取香花枇杷质体基因组进行密码子使用偏好性的生物信息学分析,用于理解其密码子使用偏性的主要原因,为今后该属植物基因的进化、起源以及转化体系中载体构建等方面研究提供借鉴。利用Codon W 1.4.2、SPSS statistics 17.0、Excel 2016和cusp等软件对筛选出的37条基因编码序列密码子进行最优密码子分析、中性绘图分析、ENC-plot和PR2-plot绘图分析。结果表明,ENC平均值为47.02;GC₃与GC₁、GC₂的相关性均不显著;GC_all为39.08%,GC₁（48.79%）>GC₂（40.18 %）>GC₃（28.44%）;RSCU>1的29个密码子中有28个以A或U结尾;PR2-plot绘图分析显示多数位点偏离中心,落于左下方位置;确定了UUU、UUG、CUU等15个最优密码子。香花枇杷叶绿体基因组中,同义密码子的使用偏性较弱（47.02）;密码子的第1、 2位碱基组成比较相似,但均不同于第3位;整体A、U含量大于C、G,末位碱基以A、U为主,且嘧啶的使用频率高于嘌呤;香花枇杷叶绿体基因组密码子的使用模式主要受到选择、突变的和其他因素的综合作用影响。     

钼胁迫对烟草光合荧光参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响

为探明烟草响应钼胁迫光合生理机制,研究了缺钼胁迫对烟草光合气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明:缺钼培养10 d后,烟苗光合色素含量和净光合速率较对照有所降低,胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率提高,光系统初始荧光和非光化学猝灭系数提高,光合电子传递速率和最大光化学效率降低,但差异均不显著;烟苗的叶绿体基类片层和基质片层排列松散,淀粉粒数量少。培养20 d时,缺钼和对照烟苗的多数指标差异显著。培养30 d时,除蒸腾速率外,缺钼和对照烟苗的其它指标差异均显著,叶绿体片层结构受损严重,淀粉粒发育差。缺钼胁迫损伤了叶绿体超微结构,抑制了原初光能转化效率,降低了光合能力。且随胁迫时间延长,缺素表现明显。     

豇豆叶绿体微卫星标记的开发及其在近缘种的通用性研究

从公共数据库中下载豇豆叶绿体基因组,对其进行全序列分析,揭示豇豆cpSSR的分布特点和基序特征,进一步研究豇豆cpSSR在豆类植物中的通用性。研究结果表明,豇豆叶绿体基因组上共有52个微卫星,主要分布于LSC区,且以A/T为单碱基重复基序的微卫星为主;从豇豆的52个叶绿体微卫星中筛选出8对多态性豇豆cpSSR引物,在豌豆、利马豆和菜豆中均成功扩增,表明这些豇豆cpSSR引物在其豆类近缘种中具有较好的通用性。     

Biosurfactant-assisted phytoremediation of potentially toxic elements in soil: Green technology for meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Biosurfactants are biomolecules produced by microorganisms, low in toxicity, biodegradable, and relatively easy to synthesize using renewable waste substrates. Biosurfactants are of great importance with a wide and versatile range of applications, including the bioremediation of contaminated sites. Plants may accumulate soil potentially toxic elements(PTEs), and the accumulation efficacy may be further enhanced by the biosurfactants produced by rhizospheric microorganisms. Occasionally, the growth of bacteria slows down in adverse conditions, such as highly contaminated soils with PTEs. In this context,the plant's phytoextraction capacity could be improved by the addition of metal-tolerant bacteria that produce biosurfactants. Several sources, categories,and bioavailability of PTEs in soil are reported in this article, with the focus on the cost-effective and sustainable soil remediation technologies, where biosurfactants are used as a remediation method. How rhizobacterial biosurfactants can improve PTE recovery capabilities of plants is discussed, and the molecular mechanisms in bacterial genomes that support the production of important biosurfactants are listed. The status and cost of commercial biosurfactant production in the international market are also presented.     

基因组印记的研究进展

综述基因组印记的可能发生机制及人和鼠中常见的印记基因，论述了且印记作用的生物学意义。     

No DNA loss in autotetraploids of Arabidopsis thaliana

To address the issue of genome evolution in autopolyploids and particularly to investigate whether rapid sequence elimination also occurs in autopolyploids as in allopolyploids, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting was employed to examine a large number of genomic loci in F₁ hybrids between two different autotetraploids of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, namely Ler and Col. Using this approach, perfect additivity in the F₁ hybrids was found between the newly‐formed autopolyploids when compared with their parental lines. Using flow cytometry, the study was extended in a quantitative manner, in which the nuclear DNA contents in one autotetraploid A. thaliana accession Ler, was determined. The increase in genome size of the autotetraploid line was additive. Taken together, no evidence was found for genome size reduction due to autopolyploidization of A. thaliana. The results indicating that there was no DNA loss in autotetraploid A. thaliana suggest that a different type of genome evolution may occur in autopolyploids during the initial stages of their formation when compared with allopolyploids.     

Genome Size Variation in Maize Populations Selected for Cold Tolerance

Previous studies have indicated a relationship between genome size and cold tolerance in plants. Many species adapted to growth in cool environments have large genome sizes. These studies are based on interspecific DNA content variation. In this study, the nuclear DNA content of eight maize populations was determined. These populations were obtained from the University of Nebraska and represent populations selected for cold tolerance and their respective unselected original populations. Intraspecific DNA content variation was observed between the selected and unselected populations. Upon assessing the data based solely on cold tolerance, no clear relationship between genome size and cold tolerance was apparent. When both freeze tolerance and cold tolerance were considered, populations which were cold tolerant and exhibited a certain degree of freeze tolerance were observed to have significantly larger genomes relative to the unselected populations. Thus, it appears that the relationship between intraspecific genome size variation and cold tolerance is similar to the relationship between interspecific genome size variation and growth at cooler temperatures in plants.