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991.
992.
Understanding the effects of oil contamination on the composition and function of soil microbiota entails investigation of the effects of a mixture of hydrocarbons at the community level in a complex environmental matrix. One approach to this difficult problem is to ally a community-level fingerprinting approach with bioassays that have a physiological or functional implication. Two contrasting refined oils (paraffin and motor oil) were used to contaminate soil microcosms, and a simulated bioremediation treatment with nutrient-addition was applied. The indigenous microorganisms were monitored over 103 d using complementary community-level techniques (carbon source physiological profiling using Biolog® microplates, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling). Changes in the toxicity of the applied oils were monitored using luminescent bacterial bioassays, including Vibrio fischeri and a hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas putida strain. Distinct shifts in microbial community structure and C source utilization profiles were observed as a result of oil contamination. There was some evidence that bioremediated soils were returning to control values by the end of the experiment. This was supported by the bioassay results which showed an initial increase in toxicity as a result of the oil addition which had then decreased by the conclusion of the experiment. The two oils exhibited markedly different toxicity towards the bioassay organisms, with species-specific differences in response. This oil-specific difference was also found in the PLFA profiles which showed the two oil types selected different microbial communities. 相似文献
993.
Hideaki Matsumoto 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(5):613-615
Aluminum (Al) is a major element in the soil; 30–40% of arable land is acidic. Solubilized Al ion in acid soils inhibits root elongation. Intensive research on the Al tolerance mechanism has been conducted in the past few decades. Mechanism of Al tolerance can be classified into Al exclusion mechanism and intracellular tolerance mechanism. Efflux of organic acids from roots upon receiving the Al signal is the major Al exclusion mechanism. Efflux of organic acids through the channel in the plasma membrane was confirmed, and the gene specifically encoding malate transporter in Al-tolerant wheat was discovered recently. The regulatory mechanism in the efflux of organic acids upon protein phosphorylation may be operative. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their scavenging system are thought to be important in the intracellular tolerance mechanism. 相似文献
994.
Olga Babourina Konstantin Voltchanskii Ian Newman Zed Rengel 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(5):733-736
Potassium transport was investigated in the root elongation zone of Arabidopsis seedlings during the first minutes of Al3+ exposure, using the non-invasive MIFE microelectrode technique. To prevent pH changes during Al3+ application, and to separate aluminium from acidic stress, plants were pre-treated with 5 mM homoPIPES before addition of AlCl3 (pH 4.2). The 30-min treatment with 50 or 500 μM AlCl3 led to a significant increase in K+ efflux in solutions containing 100 μM CaCl2 . This efflux was suppressed by high concentrations of Ca2+ (10 mM) in the bathing solution. Our results suggest that elevated external Ca2+ activities can sustain K+ influx in the root elongation zone during Al3+ exposure either by maintaining [Ca2+ ]cyt or by affecting Al3+ uptake across the plasma membrane. 相似文献
995.
We studied microbial and protozoan activity, diversity and abundance as affected by Cu2+ amendments ranging from 0 to 1000 μg g−1 over a 70-day period. At the end of the experiment the microbial population size, as indicated by substrate-induced respiration, had normalized for all Cu2+ concentrations, but 1000 μg g−1. Protozoan abundance was negatively affected by Cu2+, although, only in the first few weeks. A more detailed analysis of the individual components that make up the microbial and micro-faunal populations (phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile and protozoan morphotypes), however, yielded a somewhat more complex picture. For the three highest Cu2+ amendments (160, 400 and 1000 μg g−1), there still was a significant reduction in number of differentiable protozoan morphotypes. The bacterial PLFA pattern suggested a shift from Gram-negative towards Gram-positive bacteria for the high amendments, a process where protozoan grazing most likely played a significant role. The ratio of the trans/cis isomers of the 16:1ω7 fatty acid indicated that Cu2+, even at low and medium concentrations, induced physiological changes in the microbial population. The relatively slight changes in total microbial and micro-faunal abundance and activity, also at the highest Cu2+ concentrations, probably reflected the ability of the community to compensate for loss of taxa by functional substitution. 相似文献
996.
Yoo-Jeong?Yang Robert?S.?Dungan A.?Mark?Ibekwe Cesar?Valenzuela-Solano David?M.?Crohn David?E.?CrowleyEmail author 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2003,38(5):273-281
The application of organic mulches as a soil cover is effective in improving the quality of soil. However, very little information is available on the effect of mulches on the soil microbial community. In this study, we investigated the effect of various organic mulches on soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and microbial community structures in the top 1 cm and 5 cm below the soil surface 1 year after application of the mulches. DHA was stimulated at both depths in plots mulched with grass clippings (GC), but was not significantly different from the control for the other mulch treatments. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rDNA fragments were used to assess changes in the soil microbial community structure. Cluster analysis and principle component analysis of FAME profiles showed that only soil mulched with pine chips distinctively clustered from the other treatments. At the soil surface, bacterial DGGE profiles revealed that distinct shifts in several bacterial populations occurred in soils mulched with GC and eucalyptus yardwaste (EY), while DGGE profiles from soil at the 5 cm depth revealed no distinct changes. Changes in bacterial diversity at the soil surface under different mulches were calculated based on the number of bands in the DGGE profile using the Shannon-Weaver index of diversity ( H). Compared to the control ( H =0.9), the GC- and EY-treated soils showed slightly increased bacterial diversity, with an H of 1.1 and 1.0, respectively. These results indicate that the long-term effect of organic mulches on the soil microbial activity and community structure is highly dependent upon the type of mulch and is mostly exerted in the top few centimeters of the soil profile. 相似文献
997.
近红外光谱分析法测定菜籽油中芥酸的含量 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
采用多通道PDA型近红外光谱仪,应用偏最小二乘法建立了菜籽油中芥酸含量与近红外透射光谱的校正模型,讨论多项式求导及平滑的窗口宽度和相关系数法筛选有效波长对校正模型的影响,并对10个预测集样品利用预测相关系数Rp和预测均方根误差RMSEP指标进行了预测精度分析,结果发现:在使用全谱数据进行偏最小二乘回归建模时,一阶7点求导及平滑的预处理方法结果最佳,此时建模效果为:Rp=0.739,RMSEP=1.659;在此基础上通过相关系数法筛选波长后的建模效果为:Rp=0.958,RMSEP=0.963。后者Rp提高29%,RMSEP减少42%。由此可得出多项式求导及平滑法和相关系数法相结合对校正模型稳健性,预测精度都有较大提高的结论。研究证明:多通道近红外光谱仪快速测测菜籽油中芥酸含量的方法是可行的。 相似文献
998.
999.
Prolonged simulated acid rain treatment in the subarctic: Effect on the soil respiration rate and microbial biomass 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Humus chemistry and respiration rate, ATP, ergosterol, and muramic acid concentration as measures of chemical properties, microbial activity, biomass, and indicators of fungal and bacterial biomass were studied in a long-term acid rain experiment in the far north of Finnish Lapland. The treatments used in this study were dry control, irrigated control (spring water, pH 6), and two levels of simulated acid rain (pH 4 and pH 3). Originally (1985–1988), simulated acid rain was prepared by adding both H2SO4 and HNO3 (1.9:1 by weight). In 1989 the treatments were modified as follows. In subarea 1 the treatments continued unchanged (H2SO4+HNO3 in rain to pH 4 and pH 3), but in subarea 2 only H2SO4 was applied. The plots were sampled in 1992. The acid application affected humus chemistry by lowering the pH, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation (due to a decrease in Ca and Mg) in the treatment with H2SO4+HNO3 to pH 4 (total proton load over 8 years 2.92 kmol ha-1), whereas the microbial variables were not affected at this proton load, and only the respiration rate decreased by 20% in the strongest simulated acid rain treatment (total proton load 14.9 kmol ha-1). The different ratios of H2SO4+HNO3 in subareas 1 and 2 did not affect the results. 相似文献
1000.
Comparison of the adsorption of maize root mucilage and polygalacturonic acid on montmorillonite homoionic to divalent lead and cadmium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Root mucilage material (RM) was isolated from maize plants grown in the field, and its affinity to montmorillonite (M) homoionic to Pb2+ and Cd2+ was compared with that of a commercial polygalacturonic acid (PGA). Adsorption isotherms of the commercial and natural materials on the two clay systems were compared in unbuffered systems at pH 3 and pH 6. Adsorption of PGA occurred only at pH 3, and was higher on M-Pb than on M-Cd. In contrast, the adsorption of RM was higher on M-Cd than on M-Pb. Total amounts of RM adsorbed at pH 3 were about 3 times lower on M-Cd and 20 times lower on M-Pb than the respective amounts of PGA adsorbed at the same pH. Polygalacturonic acid had a high content of relatively well dissociated (pKa = 3.5) carboxylic groups, and adsorbed on the clay surface at pH values lower than its pKa. At pH 6, the dissociation of the acid groups favoured its solubility, and the metal cations were then probably displaced by ion exchange. The lower affinity of RM to the clay materials was related to its average molecular weight, which was lower than that of PGA, and to its water solubility, which was higher than that of PGA. The low pH dependence of the adsorption of RM was related to its lower carboxylic acidity and higher content in hydroxyl and amino groups. 相似文献