饲料中花生四烯酸含量对刺参生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响

为探究饲料中添加花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,ARA)对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响,选用初始体重为(10.78±0.06)g的刺参为研究对象,以鱼粉和发酵豆粕为主要蛋白质源,小麦粉为主要糖源制作基础饲料,通过在基础饲料中添加不同比例的ARA-纯化油,制成ARA含量分别为0.02%(对照组)、0.17%、0.36%、0.51%、0.59%和0.98%(占饲料干重)的6组等氮等脂的实验饲料,在室内循环水养殖系统进行为期56 d的养殖实验。结果表明,随着饲料中ARA含量的升高,刺参增重率(weight gain rate,WGR)呈先上升后降低的趋势,0.36%和0.51%ARA饲料组刺参WGR显著高于其他处理组(P0.05),刺参的特定生长率(specific growth rate,SGR)和饲料效率(feed efficiency,FE)与WGR具有相同的变化趋势;刺参体壁粗脂肪含量随饲料ARA含量升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在0.51%ARA饲料组含量最低,且显著低于对照组与0.98%ARA饲料组(P0.05);同时,随饲料中ARA含量的提高,刺参体壁中ARA和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-6 PUFA)含量呈显著上升趋势,而二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenioc acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3 PUFA)含量显著降低(P0.05);抗氧化能力方面,0.36%和0.51%ARA饲料组刺参肠道中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和总抗氧化能力酶(total antioxidant capacity enzyme,T-AOC)活性均显著高于对照组与0.98%ARA饲料组(P0.05),而肠道丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量呈相反的变化趋势(P0.05);刺参肠道中脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-Co A carboxylase,ACC)活性随饲料ARA含量的升高呈显著降低趋势(P0.05);刺参肠道中肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1,CPT-1)活性随饲料ARA含量升高呈先升高后降低的趋势(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加适量ARA(0.36%~0.51%)能够对刺参生长、抗氧化能力起到一定的促进作用,同时结果显示,饲料ARA含量会对刺参肠道内脂肪酸代谢产生一定的影响。     

绿原酸诱导凡纳滨对虾抗氧化功能及抵御低盐度胁迫的响应

选择健康、均匀, 体质量为(6.74 ± 0.08) g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei),  将360尾随机分为4组, 分别投喂含有0 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg绿原酸的饲料28 d, 随后将对虾从盐度为32的天然海水直接转移至盐度为10的海水中暴露72 h, 测定对虾肝胰腺TAS、GPx、CAT活力和GPx、CAT基因表达水平。结果显示, 在天然海水养殖条件下, 绿原酸对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺TAS、GPx活性无明显影响, 但投喂含有绿原酸的饲料28 d, 对虾肝胰腺GPx、CAT和GPx、CAT基因表达水平显著高于D0组(P<0.05), 以D2组GPx活性和GPx、CAT基因表达水平最高, 分别为164.29 U/mgprot和1.61、2.14倍。低盐度胁迫24 h, D0组对虾抗氧化反应表现在TAS、GPx活性和GPx基因表达水平较28 d显著升高(P<0.05), 分别增加了31.30%、27.96%和170%, 而绿原酸各组对虾肝胰腺TAS、GPx活性和GPx基因表达水平显著低于D0组(P<0.05), 说明绿原酸可有效缓解低盐度胁迫下对虾抗氧化系统酶活性的剧烈波动。低盐度胁迫72 h, 绿原酸各组对虾肝胰腺TAS、GPx、CAT活性及CAT基因表达水平均明显高于D0组。上述结果表明绿原酸能够诱导凡纳滨对虾的抗氧化系统功能, 在凡纳滨对虾抵抗低盐度胁迫中发挥着重要的作用。本研究旨为开发绿色植物提取物在对虾养殖中的应用, 解决盐度胁迫对机体造成的氧化损伤提供理论依据。

     

有潜在性的大孔吸附树脂模拟植物根系分泌有机酸吸附的方法

为探索一种根系分泌物富集的方法,用静态吸附法,通过研究HPD-400型大孔吸附树脂对水溶液中柠檬酸、苹果酸和酒石酸的吸附行为,模拟大孔吸附树脂对根系分泌物收集液中主要有机酸吸附的结果表明,相同条件下,HPD-400型大孔吸附树脂对3种有机酸的吸附强度依次为柠檬酸>苹果酸>酒石酸;它对各有机酸的吸附能力随各有机酸浓度的升高而增加,随温度的降低而增加;对各有机酸的吸附均符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,且表现为优惠吸附。试验表明,用HPD-400型大孔吸附树脂可作为根系分泌物的富集材料。     

Effect of Citrate Concentration on the Extraction Efficiency of Selected Micronutrients from Soil

This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of citrate concentration on the extraction efficiency of some micronutrients from soil. Composite surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from Eastern Harage Zone (Babile and Haramaya Districts), Wolaita Zone (Damot Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot Pulasa and Humbo Districts) and Dire Dawa Administrative Council in purposive sampling. The treatments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. A greenhouse pot experiment with soybean plant was conducted to determine the correlation between soil test methods and the selected micronutrients, such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the leaves of the plant. The results showed that, among the different citrate concentrations with strontium chloride (SrCl₂) tested for the determination of available Fe, Mn and Zn, the highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.82, p < 0.05), (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) and (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) were found between the diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) method and 0.02 M strontium chloride (SrCl₂)-0.025 M citric acid extractant, respectively. Therefore, 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractant is considered to be the most effective for the determination of Fe, Mn and Zn in soils of the studied areas. Similarly, high correlation coefficients (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) were found between DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.05 M citric acid and (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) between DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractants for the determination of available Cu from soils. Hence, the 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.05 M citric acid extractant was shown to be the best for the determination of Cu in soils of the studied areas. However, considering the use of universal extractant, the 0.02 M SrCl₂-0.025 M citric acid extractant could easily be adopted as a procedure for the determination of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn for both agricultural and environmental purposes. The greenhouse experiment confirmed the result.     

Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.     

模拟酸雨胁迫对赤红壤磷素形态特征的影响

通过田间小区模拟酸雨实验,研究酸雨胁迫下赤红壤不同磷素形态变化的方向和程度。结果表明,原位模拟酸雨影响下,一定强度（pH≥4.0）的酸雨胁迫能有效促进有效磷的释放,而当pH〈4.0强度酸雨胁迫时有效磷的释放随pH值降低逐渐受到抑制。随酸雨酸度的增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶和微生物量磷均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,可见一定强度酸雨胁迫能促进溶磷微生物和磷酸酶活性,而当高强度酸雨胁迫时土壤微生物活动逐渐受到抑制。无机磷组分中Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P含量均随酸雨酸度的增强而降低,土壤O-P含量没有显著变化。相关分析发现,有效磷含量与微生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶呈极显著正相关,表明此时土壤有效磷变化与有机磷矿化关系最为密切。有效磷含量与各种形态无机磷（Al-P、O-P、Ca-P和Fe-P）含量之间也有较强的正相关性,表明土壤生态系统磷素转化是一个自我调节的动态平衡过程,且在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

地表臭氧胁迫对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响研究

为深入探讨地表臭氧（O3）对冬小麦品质的影响,采用开顶式气室（OTC）,设置3个处理组：CK（对照组）、CF100（O3浓度为100 nL·L-1）、CF150（O3浓度为150 nL·L-1）,通过大田试验和实验室分析,开展了O3浓度增加对冬小麦蛋白质及其组分、氨基酸及其组成、淀粉含量等营养品质和加工品质的影响研究。结果表明：①籽粒氨基酸总量依次为CF100〉CF150〉CK,而人体所需的必需氨基酸总量为CF150〉CF100〉CK,处理间均差异显著（P〈0.05）。②粗蛋白含量随O3浓度的升高而增加,但各组分间变化趋势不同：清蛋白、球蛋白的含量为CF150〉CF100〉CK,醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白的含量则为CF100〉CF150〉CK。③淀粉含量随着O3浓度的升高而降低,两者呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,与CK相比,CF100、CF150冬小麦淀粉含量分别下降了4.06%和16.61％。可见,O3胁迫能促进籽粒营养品质和加工品质的合成。     

黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物健康风险评价

近年来黄河兰州段的邻苯二甲酸酯类污染日渐严重,为研究黄河兰州段水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,根据黄河兰州段2005年5个采样点水质监测数据,应用美国环境保护局（USEPA）的健康风险评价方法对邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物通过饮水和皮肤接触2种途径进入人体的健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物的非致癌风险指数值均小于1,其中邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯的非致癌风险指数值相对较高,在10-2数量级,偏高于邻苯二甲酸正丁酯。从位于兰州市饮用水水源地范围内的3号采样点（S3）采集的水样中邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物的非致癌风险指数值偏高,具有较高的健康风险。不同暴露途径健康风险的对比表明,饮水是水体中有毒有机污染物危害人体健康的最主要途径,其对人体健康总风险的贡献远大于洗浴皮肤暴露。常规的自来水处理工艺不能有效地去除源水中微量PAEs等有机污染物,因此地面水特别是饮用源水PAEs污染具有较大的健康风险。与国内其他地区相比,黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物的非致癌风险亦较高。     

Absorption spectra of humic acids

For the purpose of explaining the forming process of soil humic acids, the author determined the absorption spectra of various humic acids. From soils and peats which were pretreated with 5% HCl at 70°C for 30 minutes or from those which were not, humic acids were extracted by treating with 0.5% NaOH at boiling temperature for 30 minutes. In these humic acids, the one which is extracted after acid pretreatment is provisionally designated as SrL humic acid and the other as L humic acid. The supernatant alkaline solutions obtained by centrifuging the above mentioned extracts were acidified with hydrochloric acid, and precipitated humic acids were filtered and washed with water until Cl' free. Humic acids were dissolved in 0.1% NaOH and ultrafiltered using collodion membrane. The filtrates were acidified with hydrochloric acid and humic acids were collected by centrifuging, transferred on the filter paper, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and water successively, then air-dried and pulverized.     

Studies on the properties of organic matfer in buried humic horizon derived from volcanic ash

To investigate the relationship between the change of humus property and time factor, the humus composition in the buried humic horizons with the age from 28,000 years B.P. to the present was studied, according to the method presented by Kumada et al. (7).

The fH decreased with the elapse of time and in case of most of humus in the buried humic horizons with the age over 10,000 years, the fH became lower than 40 and were in the form of so-called ‘combined’ humus.

When 3,000-4,000 years have passed since the surface soil buried, the humic acid first moved . to ‘combined form.’ Second, after over 10,000 years, the fulvic acid moved to ‘combined form.’

The humification of ‘free’ humic acid proceeded with the elapse of time till around 5,000 years but of 'combined' humic acid till around 7,000 years. Both the humification-degree of ‘free’ humic acid after around 5,000 years and of ‘combined’ humic acid after around 7,000 years decreased. The humification-degree of ‘free’ and ‘combined’ humic acid from the samples with the age about 15,000 years B.P. to 28,000 years B.P. may be the same.