乳酸菌代谢研究进展

乳酸菌代谢研究已进入一个新的时代,本文主要阐述目前乳酸菌在糖代谢、柠檬酸代谢及蛋白质代谢等方面的研究,以及基于下一代测序技术的基因组学、比较基因组学和宏基因组学等技术手段在乳酸菌代谢研究中的应用,旨在为现代乳酸菌代谢研究提供理论支持。     

不同植物油对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成的影响

为改善牛奶脂肪酸构成,提高乳脂中CLA含量,研究瘤胃液、血浆和乳脂中脂肪酸的代谢规律,探寻提高乳品质的合适途径,本试验以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的经产荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究向日粮中添加不同植物油(即葵花油、亚麻油、菜籽油,3种日粮的粗脂肪含量基本相同)对奶牛瘤胃液、血浆中脂肪酸及乳脂中CLA的影响。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加3种不同植物油,葵花油组、亚麻油组乳脂中的CLA比例均显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05),且以葵花油组最高;乳脂中PUFA的比例则是亚麻油组显著高于菜籽油组(P<0.05);(2)3组间血浆中C14∶0、C16∶0、C18∶0的比例差异不显著(P>0.05),菜籽油组C18∶1的比例显著高于亚麻油组和葵花油组(P<0.05),而后两组差异不显著(P>0.05),亚麻油组和葵花油组t11-C18∶1的比例与菜籽油组间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),亚麻油组和菜籽油组中C18∶2的比例差异显著(P<0.05);(3)采食添加不同植物油日粮后,瘤胃液中各种脂肪酸动态变化的平均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。总的趋势是随着时间的延长,饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,而不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐减少。瘤胃液中CLA的比例不同时间点均较低。由本研究可知,在优化奶牛乳脂肪酸构成提高CLA含量方面,以葵花油效果最好。     

蜂蟹螨(Varroa destructor)对福化利抗药性及其防治的研究

建立培养皿药膜法进行蜂蟹螨福化利(Fluvalinate)抗药浓度检测方法。分别以福化利浓度为0、12.5、25、50、100mg/L进行台湾5处蜂场蜂蟹螨抗福化利剂量调查,经回归分析,计算LC50之浓度介于23.75～79.25mg/L之间,比意大利抗性螨385～857mg/L仍低很多,显示抗药性尚未大幅增加。以隔落螨法防治蜂蟹螨平均每日可捕捉44.7～49.1只。比较隔落螨法、割雄蜂蛹加隔落螨法、蚁酸加隔落螨法、福化利防治法的效果,当蜂蟹螨密度不高时,可采用隔落螨法或加割雄蜂蛹方式进行防治,蜂蟹螨密度高时,可先以福化利、蚁酸进行1～2次防治,再配合隔落螨法,将可达到长期防治效果。     

High‐level exogenous trans10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid plays an anti‐lipogenesis role in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were treated by 0, 37.5, 75, 112.5, 150 μmol/L trans10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to evaluate the effects of different level trans10, cis12 CLA on lipogenesis in BMEC. Addition of 75–150 μmol/L trans10, cis12 CLA reduced significantly the triacylglycerol (TAG) content (P < 0.05), but did not have inhibiting action on cell proliferation (P > 0.05). Treatment with 150 μmol/L trans10, cis12 CLA for 48 h resulted in a 17.1% reduction (P < 0.0001) of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA, C14 < C < C16), a 26.5% reduction (P < 0.0001) of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and a corresponding reduction of the mRNA abundance of acetyl coenzyme A (acetylCoA) carboxylase (ACC) (P = 0.046), fatty acid synthase (FAS) (P = 0.017) and stearoylCoA desaturase1 (SCD1) (P = 0.002). Another finding was that trans10, cis12 CLA elevated expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 (DGAT2) (P = 0.020) and long chain acylCoA synthetases (ACSL) (P = 0.032). In conclusion, higher trans10, cis12 CLA, not low trans10, cis12 CLA, inhibited milk fat synthesis and changed fatty acid composition by regulating the expression of FAS, ACC, SCD1, DGAT2 and ACSL.     

全株饲用大麦品系筛选及赤霉素对其产量的影响

大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）是耐盐、耐寒的优良作物,筛选全株饲用大麦品种（系）进行青刈利用有助于提高盐碱土地利用率、增加春季青绿饲草供应。本研究选用27个常规大麦品系,测定株高、茎粗和叶茎比等农艺性状,并于抽穗期刈割,分别测定产量、可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）、粗蛋白（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和干物质体外消化率（IVDMD）等饲用品质性状,进行农艺性状与产量、饲用品质性状相关分析,筛选产量高、饲用品质优良的大麦品系;利用6个不同类型品系进行外源赤霉素（GA）的喷施试验,研究GA对全株饲用大麦产量的影响。结果表明：R150,R153,R287,R143,R295适宜整株青饲;分蘖数、茎粗和株高可作为辅助选择适宜整株青饲大麦品系（种）的依据。苗期喷施GA对不同类型大麦品系产量的影响不同,R154、R159、R171的产量显著增加（P<0.05）,R195产量增加不显著,R134产量降低。对于R169来说,仅60 g·hm^-2喷施浓度的处理高于对照。因此应结合大麦品种特点选择适宜的GA喷施时间和浓度。     

饲粮营养水平对绒山羊小肠感应因子mRNA相对表达量、血液理化指标及激素含量的影响

本试验旨在适当降低饲粮氮水平条件下,通过饲粮添加N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)及小肠灌注葡萄糖,研究其对绒山羊小肠感应因子mRNA相对表达量、血液理化指标及激素含量的影响。选用27只体况良好、装有永久性瘤胃和十二指肠瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊,按年龄和体重相近原则随机分成9组,每组3只。饲粮分为3个处理:低氮[粗蛋白质(CP)10.5%]、低氮+NCG(0.20 g/d)和高氮(CP 13.5%);每个处理的山羊分别进行3个水平的十二指肠葡萄糖灌注:0、20和40 g/d。饲养试验(15 d预试期、15 d正试期)结束后,屠宰取空肠和十二指肠组织,通过实时定量PCR法测定营养感应因子mRNA相对表达量,测定血液理化指标、血清和空肠相关激素含量。结果表明:1)在基础饲粮条件(无葡萄糖灌注)下,随着饲粮氮水平的下降,空肠和十二指肠钠-葡萄糖共转运载体1(SGLT1)的mRNA相对表达量,血浆尿素氮、葡萄糖含量,血清瓜氨酸、胰岛素含量,血清和空肠胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)、胰高血糖素样肽2(GLP-2)和促胰岛素肽(GIP)含量减少,而空肠和十二指肠溶质载体家族7成员9(SLC7A9)、溶质载体家族7成员1(SLC7A1)的mRNA相对表达量增加。2)增加适宜过瘤胃葡萄糖后,随着饲粮氮水平的下降,SGLT1、味觉受体1型1、味觉受体1型2、味觉受体1型3 mRNA相对表达量呈增加趋势。3)低氮饲粮条件下灌注20 g/d葡萄糖,额外饲喂NCG能够缓解饲粮氮水平降低引起的空肠和十二指肠SGLT1 mRNA相对表达量,血浆尿素氮、葡萄糖含量,血清瓜氨酸含量,血清和空肠GLP-1、GLP-2和GIP含量的下降。结果提示,适当降低饲粮氮水平,补饲NCG和增加过瘤胃葡萄糖(十二指肠灌注20 g/d)对绒山羊机体代谢及肠道营养物质感应均有促进作用。     

Composition of individual nucleobases in diets containing different products from bacterial biomass grown on natural gas, and digestibility in mink (Mustela vison)

The objectives of the present study were to quantify the amount of nucleic acids, to examine the nucleobase composition and to determine the digestibility of individual nucleobases in diets containing various products from bacterial biomass grown on natural gas, including autolytic and hydrolytic fractions, using mink (Mustela vison) as a model animal. The diets consisted of cod fillet (control), commercial basic BioProtein, and five experimentally produced autolytic and hydrolytic fractions of the bacterial protein meal as protein sources. Each diet was assigned to four adult male mink, housed individually in cages equipped for controlled feeding and quantitative collection of faeces. Faeces were collected for 4 days, and the individual nucleobases in diet and faeces were analysed by HPLC after hydrolysis using HClO(4). The content of nucleobases in the diets containing bacterial protein meal was 37% to 205% higher than in the control diet. The nucleobase-nitrogen in the control diet amounted to 4.3% of the total nitrogen content, whereas the experimental bacterial protein diets contained from 7.4% to 17.4% of the total N content in the form of nucleic acids. The various methods used to produce the bacterial protein fractions clearly affected both the amount of nucleic acids and the molar proportions of the individual nucleobases. The average digestibility of the nucleobases was 95%, and all the individual nucleobases were highly digestible. Uracil showed the highest digestibility (on average 96.8%), whereas thymine showed the lowest digestibility (on average 93.6%).     

Insect (black soldier fly larvae) oil as a potential substitute for fish or soy oil in the fish meal-based diet of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Alternative sources of fish oil (FO) are one of the major problems in aquaculture; therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine insect (black soldier fly larvae) oil (BSLO) as a potential replacer of fish/soy oil in juvenile rainbow trout (initial average weight of 32 ± 0.15 g) feed. Four diets were formulated wherein FO (control diet) was completely replaced with either soybean oil (SO) or BSLO, and an additional BSLO-based diet supplemented with 1.5% bile acid (BSLO + BA) were fed to the fish for 10 weeks. Growth performance of the BSLO fed group was similar (P > 0.05) to that of the FO and SO fed groups, however, the fish fed BSLO + BA diet registered the lowest growth (P < 0.05). Oil sources did not (P > 0.05) affect the major nutrient content of whole-body, however, the fatty acid composition of the muscle and liver was influenced (P < 0.05), with the highest 14:0, 16:0, and total saturated fatty acid detected in BSLO or BSLO + BA fed trout compared to the others (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) or total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in muscle among the groups, whereas, the highest EPA:DHA and n-3:n-6 ratios were detected in the FO group. Gene expression for fatty acid binding protein (fabp), fatty acid synthase (fas), and Δ5 desaturase in the liver was lower in FO (P < 0.05), while BSLO + BA registered the highest Δ6 expression (P = 0.006). Supplementation of BA in the BSLO diet increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BSLO could serve as a substitute for FO and SO in rainbow trout diet without negatively impacting growth performance, whole-body composition and nutrient retention, and modulate the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in rainbow trout.     

Characteristics of 18F-FDG and 18F-FDOPA PET in an 8-year-old neutered male Yorkshire Terrier dog with glioma: long-term chemotherapy using hydroxyurea plus imatinib with prednisolone and immunoreactivity for PDGFR-β and LAT1

An 8-year-old neutered male Yorkshire Terrier dog presented with head pressing, vestibular ataxia, neck tenderness, and no oculocephalic reflex. A demarcated lesion in the pons was identified on MRI. The patient was tentatively diagnosed with a glioma and was treated with hydroxyurea plus imatinib and prednisolone. After 30 days of therapeutic treatment, the patient showed a clear improvement in neurological signs, which lasted for 1117 days. On day 569 after the initiation of treatment, ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) was performed with no significant findings on visual analysis. The average and maximal standardized uptake values (SUVs) were 1.92 and 2.29, respectively. The tumor-to-normal-tissue (T/N) ratio was 0.97. The first evidence of clinical deterioration was noticed on day 1147. On day 1155, 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[¹⁸F]-fluoro-l-phenylalanine (¹⁸F-FDOPA)-PET was performed. High uptake of ¹⁸F-FDOPA was observed in the intracranial lesion. The mean and maximal SUVs of the tumor were 1.59 and 2.29, respectively. The T/N ratio was 2.22. The patient was euthanized on day 1155 and histopathologic evaluations confirmed glioma (astrocytoma). This case shows that chemotherapy with hydroxyurea plus imatinib may be considered in the treatment of canine glioma. Furthermore, this is the first case describing the application of ¹⁸F-FDG and ¹⁸F-FDOPA in a dog with glioma.