小麦籽粒胚乳淀粉合成酶基因表达及酶活性分析

为研究小麦籽粒淀粉合成酶基因表达与酶活性的特征,选用4个淀粉含量差异较大的普通六倍体小麦新春24、E28（高淀粉含量组）和宁春16、安农9912（低淀粉含量组）为试验材料,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR ,对灌浆期籽粒淀粉合成酶相关基因的表达进行研究,并对其表达量与相应酶活性的相关性做了分析。结果表明,束缚态淀粉合成酶基因(GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶基因(SSS)、淀粉分支酶基因( SBE)、淀粉去分支酶（DBE）基因均呈单峰曲线变化。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测9个基因在不同淀粉含量的4个供试品种花后不同时期的相对表达量,结果表明,花后6d这些基因开始表达,在灌浆的中期（花后12~18d不等）有表达的小高峰,但在不同时期,2个高淀粉含量的品种中各种酶活性及其酶基因的相对表达量均比2个低淀粉含量的品种相对较高;这些基因表达谱与酶活性相关分析显示, 除GBSS外其他几种淀粉合成酶基因均与相应酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关,而且GBSS酶活性到达峰值时间稍迟于DBE、SSS、SBE等酶,说明DBE、SSS、SBE基因可能主要通过转录水平来控制籽粒淀粉的合成,而GBSS基因可能主要通过转录后水平来控制籽粒淀粉的合成。     

利用RNA-seq筛选调控当归抽薹主要候选基因

当归提前抽薹严重影响产量,而当归抽薹分子遗传机理尚不清楚.本研究利用RNA-seq技术对连续五代抽薹当归的叶片、茎段、种子、根进行测序,对所有组装后的Unigenes进行功能注释,寻找调控当归抽薹主要候选基因.结果表明:在当归的叶片、根、种子、茎段转录本中分别得到7.1、7.63、7.23、6.59Gb数据,通过Nr、...     

双隐性甜糯玉米的主要农艺及品质性状

利用糯玉米(wxwx)分别与普甜玉米(su1su1)和超甜玉米(sh2sh2)杂交,在F1代的果穗上分离出纯合双隐性甜糯玉米(su1su1wxwx或sh2sh2wxwx),再同时种植双隐性甜糯玉米及亲本普甜玉米、超甜玉米和糯玉米,观测了一系列农艺性状,并分析了甜糯双隐性基因的互作效应.主要结果如下:(1)双隐性甜糯玉米的三叶期出现最迟,株高较高.(2)大部分     

‘岩溪晚芦’椪柑果皮与果肉差减cDNA文库的构建及初步分析

 以‘岩溪晚芦’(Citrus reticulata Blanco)成熟果皮和果肉为材料,采用抑制性差减杂交技术,成功构建了果皮（tester）与果肉（driver）的差减cDNA文库。结果显示：cDNA克隆外源插入片段大小介于100～500 bp之间。成功对411个克隆进行了测序,测序结果经与NCBI基因库中序列进行比较,377个EST 找到了同源序列,它们分属于126个基因,涉及到与色素合成、能量代谢、初级代谢、次生代谢、抗逆防御、蛋白代谢、信号转导、香味形成、果皮软化（衰老）、精油合成、抗氧化代谢等代谢途径和生理生化过程。还有一些基因涉及到三价铁螯合物、反转录转座子gag蛋白、查尔酮合成、硼离子转运、儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶等功能。功能已知且没有重复的EST共有63个,占总数的49.2%。有5个基因共62个克隆虽在Blast搜索时找到了较高的同源性序列,但功能目前尚未明确,有待进一步深入分析。另有34个基因未搜索到同源序列,可能为新发现的基因。     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

参考作物腾发量计算方法的适用性研究

选用5种方法,利用陕西6站的气象资料,计算了各站逐日ET0。并以FAO56 Penman-Monteith(P-M)法为标准,对其它方法进行评价。结果表明,在陕西6地区,5种方法计算的ET0变化趋势基本相同,但数值上有一定差异,所有的差异随ET0的增大而增大。Hargreaves法计算结果差异性较小,适用性较好;1948Penman和Priestley-Taylor二方法估值较FAO24 Penman法更接近P-M法的计算结果;缺气象资料时,Priestley-Taylor法可获得较好估值,且更适用于湿润地区;FAO24 Penman法也能获得较好结果,但其估值精度低于Priestley-Taylor法,一般不宜采用。同时分析了P-M法计算的ET0值和水面蒸发量之间的关系,为利用水面蒸发资料估算陕西6地区ET0值提供参考。     

陕西省2015-2016年小麦区试品种（系）的抗白粉病分析

为了明确陕西省2015-2016年小麦区试品种(系)的白粉病抗性,以陕西省各地采集的白粉菌混合菌系作菌源,分别在苗期采用人工接种、成株期诱发发病的方法对228份陕西省区试品种(系)和32份已知抗白粉病基因载体品种(系)进行抗性鉴定.结果表明,Pm4a、Pm4b、Pm13、Pm17、Pm18、Pm19、Pm21、Pm24、Pm30、Pm2+6、Pm2+Mld、Pm2+6+?、Pm5+6、Pm“XBD”基因对小麦白粉病表现免疫或高抗;Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm6、Pm4+8、Pm4b+Mli、Pm4+2+?基因对小麦白粉病表现出较弱的抗性,其他基因对供试菌系没有抗病性.228份区试品种(系)中,大多数对白粉病表现为感病,仅有14份在苗期和成株期均表现抗病,33份仅在成株期表现抗病,分别占区试品种(系)总数的6.14％和14.47％.     

甘肃小麦品种主要春化和光周期基因的组成和分布

为了明确甘肃小麦春化和光周期基因的分布特点,利用STS标记对96份品种的主要春化基因位点VRN-A1、VRN-B1、VRN-D1、VRN-B3和光周期基因PPD-D1位点的等位变异组成进行了检测和分析。结果表明,在甘肃小麦品种中,春化和光周期基因等位变异组合存在11种类型,每种类型的分布频率不同。其中,Ppd-D1a类型频率最高,Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a次之。在春麦生态区存在11种组合类型,其中VrnA1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a频率最高,Ppd-D1a次之。在河西灌溉春麦区、中部干旱春麦区与洮岷高寒春麦区频率最高的组合类型分别为Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1和Ppd-D1a。与春麦生态区相比,冬麦生态区不存在春化基因显性变异Vrn-A1,且仅存在Ppd-D1a、Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、Vrn-D1/Pp-D1a三种类型的等位变异组合,其中,Ppd-D1a类型频率最高,Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a次之。在陇南冬麦区、渭河上游冬麦区、泾河上游冬麦区中,基因组合类型Ppd-D1a均占主导地位,分布频率依次为46.2%、93.6%和100%。