Comparison of viral RNA populations of pathogenically distinct isolates of Citrus tristeza virus : application to monitoring cross-protection

The population of sequence variants of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates of different geographic origins and pathogenicity properties was characterized by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of cDNA of the genes p18, p13, p20 and p23. The mild isolates analysed here usually yielded a SSCP profile with two DNA bands, suggestive of a predominant sequence variant, whereas the SSCP profile of the most virulent isolates contained more than two DNA bands, indicating that their viral populations are likely to be more complex. The set of SSCP profiles of the four genes allowed identification of individual isolates, but no profile characteristic of a geographic area or a biogroup was found. Sweet orange plants singly inoculated with a mild or with a severe isolate yielded the SSCP profile characteristic of each isolate, whereas the SSCP profile of plants successively inoculated with both isolates was a composite of the two individual profiles. The SSCP profile of plants singly inoculated remained constant, but the profile of doubly inoculated plants varied with time. Plants in which the SSCP profile of the severe isolate became predominant showed stem pitting, and those in which the predominant profile corresponded to the mild isolate remained symptomless. The results indicate that SSCP analysis can be used to study changes in RNA populations of doubly inoculated plants and to monitor cross-protection between mild and severe isolates.     

Genetic analyses of resistance of the wheat differential cultivars Carstens V and Spaldings Prolific to two races of Puccinia striiformis

Genetic analysis of resistance of wheat seedlings to two races of Puccinia striiformis was conducted on F₁, F₂ and F₃ generations from crosses Carstens V (CV) × Lee, Spaldings Prolific (SPA) × Lee and CV × SPA. F₂ generations from crosses of CV and SPA with Strubes Dickkopf (SD) were also studied. The plants were classified into six resistance classes and analysed by factorial correspondence analysis and nonhierarchical classification. The two P. striiformis isolates tested were a French isolate of race 43E138 and a Lebanese isolate of race 2E16, selected for the differences in their virulence spectra for the common differential cultivars Strubes Dickkopf and Nord Desprez. Resistance of CV and SPA was recessive and dominant to races 43E138 and 2E16, respectively. CV possessed three or four resistance genes, one of them being expressed with both races. Two genes of CV had a cumulative effect for resistance to 43E138 and two or three gave dominant resistance to 2E16. SPA had three resistance genes, all of which gave resistance to 2E16 and two of which also gave resistance to 43E138. SPA had one gene in common with CV for resistance to both races. Furthermore, the gene for resistance to race 2E16 in CV and SPA was allelic with a gene in SD, and was probably Yr25 .     

动物生物钟基因研究进展

昼夜节律生物钟是一种以近似24小时为周期的自主维持的振荡器,由输人通路、中央振荡器和输出通路三部分组成的。生物钟机制的研究已深入到分子水平。生物钟相关基因相继被分离鉴定,它们及其编码的蛋白质产物构成的自主调节的转录和翻译反馈环是生物钟运转的分子机制。本文介绍了果蝇和小鼠主要生物钟基因的发现以及其突变体对生物昼夜节律的影响,展望了揭示生物钟调节机制在遗传学上的重要意义。     

DNA甲基化与基因组印记

综合论述了DNA甲基化与基因组印记的最新研究进展,论述了它们的生物学意义,并阐述了两者的关系.     

AtSOS基因在紫花苜蓿中的表达及其耐盐性研究

本研究采用基因工程技术改良紫花苜蓿耐盐性,通过种植转基因耐盐紫花苜蓿达到改良土壤的目的。以紫花苜蓿子叶节为外植体,通过农杆菌介导法将来源于拟南芥的AtSOS1-AtSOS2-AtSOS3多基因表达载体导入阿尔冈金紫花苜蓿中,经PCR检测、抗除草剂筛选和RT-PCR鉴定,获得了能稳定表达的转基因株系。以转基因的紫花苜蓿和野生型紫花苜蓿为材料进行盐处理,每个处理重复3次,测定其生理生化指标、株高、Na⁺和K⁺含量、细胞膜透性、叶绿素含量。结果显示,在不同盐浓度处理下,所有植株的株高均有所增长,但在100和200 mmol·L^-1的NaCl处理下,转基因植株的长势显著高于野生型植株;随着处理时间的增加,所有植株的叶绿素含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且野生型植株叶绿素含量均低于转基因植株;在100和200 mmol·L^-1的NaCl处理下,转基因植株的细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性和脯氨酸含量的增加量均小于野生型植株,而过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性和可溶性糖含量的增加量均大于野生型;各植株中丙二醛含量均下降,且野生型植株下降的更为明显;盐处理后,转基因植株根系中Na⁺的积累比野生型植株少,而K⁺的吸收多于野生型植株。转AtSOS基因的紫花苜蓿通过发挥AtSOS途径的作用,促进了植物体将细胞内的Na⁺外排,从而减轻盐胁迫对植物体的伤害,提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。     

Research Progress on Bacterial Resistance in Environment

Antibiotic resistance genes have become a recognized environmental pollutant, threatening the ecological safety and human health. The application of antibiotics in the clinical and animals breeding, making the environmental microorganisms living with the impact of the residue of antibiotics and elements of resistance genetic and leading to antibiotic resistant bacteria to gain a competitive advantage and destroyed the stability of ecosystem. In this paper, we expounded the concept of resistance gene transmission by the view of macro environment. Through analyzing the mechanism of resistance development,environmental pollution caused by drug resistance and the impact of environmental microorganism for drug resistance, we clarified the key role of the environment in the development of the characteristics of bacterial resistance and analysis environmental resistance.Such as the ecological diversity of flora, the types and the spread of resistant bacteria, the residues of antibiotics and the transmission of the resistance genes.     

Attributes of wheat cultivars for late autumn sowing in genes expression and field estimates

Due to the growing interest in Central and Eastern Europe on cropping of wheat in optional late autumn terms, called facultative, genetic research and field evaluation were taken on four spring cultivars: Tybalt (NL), Monsun (DE), Ostka Smolicka (PL) and Bombona (PL), currently being recommended by breeders. The PPD gene analyze, expression level of dehydrine genes (WCS120 and WDHN13) in cooling test, and qPCR for RNA isolation and analyses of WCS120 and WDHN13 gene expression at the BBCH12 stage of wheat were estimated. Molecular analysis of PPD-D1 gene confirmed the presence of photoperiod sensitive allele ppd-D1b in all tested genotypes. The highest level of NRE WCS120 gene was detected in cultivars Tybalt and Bombona. Two-year field experimental study assessed the growth, development and productivity of facultative and spring crops of studied cultivars. Based on our results from field experiments and result of molecular analysis of alleles of PPD-D1 gene, the tested genotypes can be considered as potentially facultative genotypes.     

低温胁迫下马铃薯的数字基因表达谱分析

以马铃薯品种合作88为材料,利用数字基因表达谱(DGE)技术,对–2℃低温胁迫处理后的马铃薯叶片c DNA文库进行差异基因表达谱分析。结果表明,有28 505个基因受低温胁迫诱导差异表达,其中上调表达基因13 703个,下调表达基因14 802个。GO功能显著性富集分析表明,DEGs主要涉及信号生物代谢过程、氧化还原过程、能量代谢、次生代谢过程以及催化活性。KEGG富集分析表明,上调表达基因主要富集于苯丙烷、光合作用天线蛋白、类胡萝卜素的生物合成、苯丙氨酸代谢及淀粉与蔗糖代谢途径,而下调表达基因主要富集于植物激素信号转导途径。利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)验证4个DEGs在低温胁迫条件下的差异表达,其结果与DGE分析结果基本一致,证实了DGE测序结果的可靠性。     

贵州省三穗县鸭疫里默氏杆菌的分离鉴定、毒力基因检测及耐药性分析

为了解贵州省三穗县鸭疫里默氏杆菌（Riemerella anatipestifer，RA）的流行血清型、毒力和耐药情况，本试验从贵州省三穗县6个规模养鸭场临床疑似RA感染的病鸭体内分离出6株分离菌，对病原菌进行分离鉴定、毒力基因检测和耐药性分析。细菌分离鉴定结果显示，分离菌在巧克力琼脂培养基上长出表面光滑、圆形半透明的滴状菌落；革兰氏染色呈阴性短小杆菌，瑞氏染色呈两极浓染；分离菌均不具运动性，尿素、触酶和氧化酶试验均为阳性，符合RA生化特性，将6株分离菌分别命名为SS-RA1~SS-RA6；6株分离菌的16S rRNA基因序列与NCBI上RA参考菌株的基因序列相似性≥98%，说明6株分离菌均是RA；SS-RA1~SS-RA4为血清2型且含有8种毒力基因（OmpA、CAMP、wza、AS87_04050、Fur、SIP、TbdR1和luxE基因），SS-RA5和SS-RA6为血清11型，缺失AS87_04050基因，仅含有上述其余7种毒力基因；动物回归试验结果显示，攻毒组雏鸭均全部死亡，对照组雏鸭未表现明显临床症状，表明6株分离菌对雏鸭均有致病力；药敏试验结果显示，6株分离菌仅对羧苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢他啶、头孢氨苄、头孢曲松、头孢拉定和头孢哌酮7种抗菌药物敏感，对其他13种抗菌药物均表现不同程度的耐药，对氨基糖苷类和大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药率为100%。本试验成功分离得到6株RA，为贵州省三穗县鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的疫苗选择和药物防治提供理论依据。     

草类植物抗病机制研究进展

草类植物病害是限制草牧业生产和发展的主要因素之一。目前抗病品种的开发利用是目前防治病害最经济有效的方法，植物抗病机制的研究对开发抗病品种和构建生态环境友好型病害防治至关重要。植物受病原菌侵染时形成多种复杂的防御机制，本研究主要从植物组织结构抗性、生理生化抗性、抗性基因和抗性数量性状位点（QTLs）定位等分子机制方面综述草类植物抗病机制研究进展，并提出我国草类植物抗病机制研究中面临的主要问题与解决办法，以期为草类植物抗病育种提供理论依据。