Characterisation of energy-dependent efflux of imazalil and fenarimol in isolates of Penicillium italicum with a low,medium and high degree of resistance to DMI-fungicides

Differential accumulation of [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol by germlings of wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates ofPenicillium italicum was studied at various pH values. At pH 7 and 8 the low-resistant isolate E_300–3 accumulated 22% and 35%, respectively, less imazalil than the wild-type isolate W₅. Imazalil accumulation at pH 5 and 6 was similar. Isolate E_300–3 also accumulated less fenarimol as compared with the wild-type isolate. This difference was much more obvious than for imazalil and was observed at all pH values tested. Differences in accumulation of both imazalil and fenarimol between low (E_300–3), medium (H₁₇) and high resistant (I₃₃) isolates were not observed. These results suggest that decreased accumulation of DMIs is responsible for a low level of resistance only and that additional mechanisms of resistance might operate in isolates with a medium and high degree of resistance. With all isolates fenarimol accumulation was energy-dependent. This was not obvious for imazalil.The wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates had a similar plasma membrane potential as determined with the probe [¹⁴C]tetraphenylphosphonium bromide ([¹⁴C]TPP⁺). Various test compounds, among which ATPase inhibitors, ionophoric antibiotics and calmodulin antagonists, affected the accumulation of [¹⁴C]TPP⁺, [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol. No obvious correlation between the effects of the test compounds on accumulation levels of the fungicides and [¹⁴C]TPP⁺ could be observed. These results indicate that the plasma membrane potential does not mediate the efflux of DMI fungicides byP. italicum.     

啤酒废水污泥培养苏云金芽胞杆菌

以啤酒厂不同处理工段废水、污泥为原料培养苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bt),并与城市污水做比较,研究啤酒废水、污泥的化学耗氧量(COD)、pH、发酵情况及其毒力.结果表明,以啤酒厂混合池原废水和酸化池废水为原料培养Bt,活芽胞数可达109cfu·mL-1级,与城市污水相比(D595nm=0.202),能产较高的晶体蛋白(D595n...     

Endocrine stress response and abnormal development in carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae after exposure of the embryos to PCB 126

To investigate whether PCB 126 exposure duringembryonic development induces an endocrine stressresponse in larval carp, eggs were exposed,containing 0.01% ethanol (vehicle-control), 10^-11,immediately after fertilization, for 48 h to water10^-10 or 10^-9 mol l^-1 PCB in 0.01% ethanol. Eggsincubated in water served as controls. After transferto PCB-free water, mortality, the incidence ofyolk-sac and pe-ricardial oedema, wet and dry weight,rate of skin pigmentation, and whole-body contents ofthe stress hormones ACTH, -MSH and cortisol weredetermined at 48, 96, 144, 168, 192 and 216 hpost-fertilization. Except for the dry weight, allparameters of animals exposed to 10^-10 and 10^-9 moll^-1 PCB increased in a concentration-related manner.However, these changes became evident only at 144 hpost-fertilization, i.e. after resorption of theyolk-sac. Swelling of the yolk sac and pericardiumoccurred, and whole-body ACTH, -MSH and cortisollevels increased. Although animals exposed to 10^-10and 10^-9 mol l^-1 PCB displayed stable but elevatedwhole-body ACTH and -MSH levels until 216 h,whole-body cortisol concentrations gradually decreasedfrom 168 h post-fertilization, and were significantlybelow control values at 216 h post-fertilization.Exposure of the carp embryos to 10^-11 mol l^-1 PCB only increased whole-body -MSH levels. Increased whole-body ACTH and cortisol levels indicate that PCBinduces a stress response in carp larvae, possiblymediated by a disturbed hydromineral balance (oedema).We further suggest that the PCB-stimulated bodypigmentation is mediated by a stimulation of -MSHsecretion.     

光强、温度和N/P比对坛紫菜叶状体单性生殖发生的影响

为探究培养条件对坛紫菜叶状体生长和单性生殖发生的影响,研究了不同光强、温度和N/P比下坛紫菜叶状体的生长及单性生殖发生的特点。结果显示,当光强为10～40μmol/(m2·s)时,藻体生长缓慢、成熟晚、单性生殖发生晚;光强增至60～80μmol/(m2·s)时,藻体生长加快,成熟和单性生殖发生同时提前。温度为17～20°C时,藻体生长慢、成熟晚、单性生殖发生推迟;23°C时藻体生长最快;而29°C组的藻体虽然生长受到抑制,但藻体成熟和单性生殖发生得到促进。N/P比为16∶1处理组的叶状体比其他处理组(1∶1、4∶1、32∶1和64∶1)均生长变快,N/P比为64∶1时叶状体生长最慢,但易成熟、易发生单性生殖。因此,在高光强、高温和高N/P比下,藻体成熟和单性生殖发生均提早,说明这些因素对坛紫菜叶状体单性生殖的发生有重要影响。     

Comparison of the effects of six stunning/killing procedures on flesh quality of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax,Linnaeus 1758) and evaluation of clove oil anaesthesia followed by chilling on ice/water slurry for potential implementation in aquaculture

The effects of different stunning/killing procedures on flesh quality of European sea bass were investigated: (1) anaesthesia with clove oil, (2) anaesthesia with 2‐phenoxyethanol, (3) percussive stunning, (4) immersion in ice/water slurry, (5) chilling on ice and (6) anaesthesia with clove oil followed by immersion in ice/water slurry. Muscle pH values were significantly lower in sea bass anaesthetized or stunned by a blow to the head compared with fish immersed in ice/water slurry, chilled on ice or immersed in ice/water slurry after clove oil anaesthesia. Lightness was highest in sea bass anaesthetized by 2‐phenoxyethanol or percussively stunned and lowest in ice‐chilled fish. Redness and yellowness were highest in fish chilled on ice and lowest in fish anaesthetized with clove oil. Liquid loss, fat loss and shear values were not significantly different among the procedures. In general, lipid oxidation values during refrigerated or frozen storage did not significantly differ among treatment groups. Combination of clove oil anaesthesia followed by chilling on ice/water slurry appears to improve both flesh quality and welfare of sea bass, although the implementation of further studies is warranted to consolidate this finding.     

国内在线不分离式多相流量计技术现状

在线流量计在中国各油气田应用广泛,存在测量结果的不确定度偏高、相含率受含气量影响显著、测量准确度受管径限制等问题。通过调研在线流量计在中国的应用现状,确定了其测量不确定度偏高的两类因素,并在此基础上分析了近5年国内外在线流量计专利的优势及特征。结果表明:造成在线流量计测量结果不确定度偏高的因素主要为测量原理与方法中多处使用了计算模型或经验方程式,以及多相流组成变化等。研究成果可为今后在线多相流量计测量准确度的提升提供参考。     

蛹虫草的人工培育及组织学研究

报道了蛹虫草人工培育的研究结果，筛选了蛹虫草培育的适宜培养基和培养条件，并对于实体进行了组织学观察。     

应用均匀设计研究电场刺激及培养因素对甘蓝叶原生质体分裂频率的影响

应用均匀设计法探讨了电场刺激及培养因素对甘蓝叶原生质体分裂频率的影响。结果表明 ,电场方向和强度强烈地影响细胞分裂频率。培养成分对细胞分裂频率均有不同程度的影响。均匀设计能筛选最优的植物原生质体培养条件或培养基。结合“回归 -通径”分析 ,有效地综合评判和研究了各培养成分对原生质体分裂频率的作用     

八眉猪肌肉化学组成的异速生长研究

用48头八眉猪,以异速模型Y=αX~b研究了两个营养水平、初生至80kg体重阶段的肌肉化学组成的异速生长特性及其营养和性别的影响。结果表明,八眉猪肌肉蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和水分的异速生长系数(b)分别为1.049,1.375,1.078和0.978.去势公猪肌肉蛋白质b的值大于去势母猪,水分b值小于去势母猪(P<0.05),脂肪和灰分的异速生长则不受性别的明显影响。将日粮的蛋白质和能量水平分别从14.25％和13.10MJ/kg降至12.15％和11.88MJ/kg,不会明显地影响八眉猪肌肉化学组成的异速生长模式。     

DC/DC变换器的神经网络鲁棒控制

针对有非最小相位特性的二阶DC/DC(直流/直流)变换器平均值模型的特性,以Buck-Boost变换器为典型例子,提出了一个非线性反馈做内环控制器,控制其电感电流;用RBF(径向基函数)神经网络作为自适应机构,提出了一个神经网络鲁棒控制器作为电压外环控制器,控制其输出电压.证明了系统跟踪误差和神经网络权值的有界性.仿真结果表明,提出的控制器对于系统参数的不确定性具有很强的鲁棒性,并具有很好的动态性能.