缓释型油菜专用配方肥在直播油菜生产上的应用研究

在湘东地区的直播油菜生产中引进新型缓释型油菜专用配方肥“宜施壮”,对其在直播油菜生产上的应用效果进行了研究。结果表明,施用缓释型油菜专用配方肥,避免了普通一次性施肥因肥料流失而导致的油菜后期早衰,且对促进冬前绿叶数的增加,延长角果表层叶绿素的光合寿命效果明显,增产效果显著,且投入产出比高,在省工、节本、增产等方面存在着一定的优势。     

Effect of soaking,fermentation with lactobacillus and enzyme treatment on nitrogen‐corrected apparent metabolizable energy values of wheat in cockerels and quails

An experiment was carried out to determine nitrogen‐corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of processed wheat products with two levels of enzyme (0 and 0.5 g/kg) and five processing methods [control (C), water‐soaking for 12 h (SO12h), 24 h (SO24h) and 48 h (SO48h) and fermentation with lactobacillus (FL)] in two species of poultry (cockerel and Japanese quail). In this study, each processing method group had six replications with two cockerels or four quails per replication. The results showed that the calculated AMEn values of processed wheat by different methods were as follows: C‐12.61 and 12.60; SO12h‐12.75 and 12.73; SO24h‐12.80 and 12.79; SO48h‐12.97 and 12.96; and FL‐13.36 and 13.33 MJ/kg for cockerels and quails, respectively, indicating that fermentation improved AMEn values compared with the others. The mean AMEn of processed wheat with enzyme (13.12 MJ/kg) was significantly higher than that of processed wheat without enzyme (12.64 MJ/kg). However, there were no significant differences in the AMEn of processed wheat between cockerels and quails. The interaction between species and levels of enzyme in AMEn values was not significant. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in three‐way interactions among species, levels of enzyme and wheat processing methods for AMEn values. In conclusion, the results of the experiment suggest that the FL was more effective processing method of wheat to obtain high level of AMEn values than the others, and the combination of enzyme and processing methods can increase the AMEn values compared with processing methods alone.     

Comparative observations on the growth changes of the histochemical property and collagen architecture of the Musculus pectoralis from Silky, layer-type and meat-type cockerels

Growth‐related changes in the histochemical properties and collagen architecture of the Musculus pectoralis were compared among Silky, layer‐type and meat‐type cockerels. Histochemical and immunohistochemical methods were used and collagen architecture was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The total amount of collagen present was also measured. The diameter of type IIB myofibers was similar or rather larger in the layer‐type birds compared with the meat‐type. The collagen content was generally low for 5–10 weeks across the breeds and then increased in the other breeds except for Silky. In the perimysium, the collagen bundles gradually increased in size and the density of the fibrils also increased during growth. At 30 weeks of age, the layer‐type birds showed compact collagen bundles while the meat‐type had loose bundles. The endomysial collagen network appeared relatively denser in the meat‐type chicks compared to the others at week 1. At 30 weeks of age, compact and felt‐like structure of endomysium was shown by Silky and layer‐type chickens, while the meat‐type showed a relatively loose arrangement of tissue in the endomysial collagen. From these results, it appears that the meat‐type chicken can produce a large M. pectoralis with many, relatively thinner myofibers and a relatively undeveloped form of intramuscular collagen structure.     

不同大豆蛋白源对巴民杂交猪生长性能、肉品质、肉营养成分以及氨基酸组成的影响

文章旨在研究不同加工处理大豆蛋白源对育肥阶段巴民杂交猪生长性能、肉营养成分、氨基酸组成以及肉品质的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组设计,选取27头体重82.37±4.12 kg的巴民杂交去势公猪,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复3头猪,分为对照组、试验1组和试验2组。对照组饲喂豆粕饲粮,试验1组和2组分别饲喂脱脂膨化大豆蛋白和不脱脂膨化大豆蛋白,3组的饲粮等氮等能。试验期60 d。结果表明：与对照组相比,（1）试验组在平均日采食量、平均日增重、末重上都有所提高,但差异不显著（P>0.05）,而试验1组的耗料增重比显著降低（P<0.05）;（2）试验组的背最长肌在水分、粗蛋白、灰分上差异不显著（P>0.05）,但是试验1组的粗脂肪含量显著升高（P<0.05）;（3）试验组背最长肌的pH_24h和a^*值都有不同程度的升高,其中试验1组差异显著（P<0.05）;（4）试验组背最长肌中甘氨酸、丙氨酸等风味氨基酸以及精氨酸都显著升高（P<0.05）,试验1组的谷氨酸显著升高（P<0.05）;试验2组的组氨酸显著升高（P<0.05）。结论：脱脂膨化大豆蛋白和不脱脂膨化大豆蛋白均可以促进巴民杂交猪快速生长,提高巴民杂交猪肉中氨基酸含量和营养成分,改善肉品质,其中脱脂膨化大豆蛋白效果更佳。     

食糜在鸡、鸭消化道排空速度的比较研究

为阐明鸡、鸭对营养物质利用率差异的原因，研究了禽别（公鸡和公鸭）和消化道排空期（4、8、14、24、32、38、48 h）对消化道残留内容物含量的影响，比较食糜在鸡和鸭消化道不同部位的排空速度和排空率。结果表明：鸭排空速度比鸡快,但鸭消化道总残留干物质量和各段消化道残留干物质量都较鸡高；食糜在鸭小肠、直肠及整个消化道的排空率低于鸡的；鸭在强饲后24 h，鸡在32 h其内容物基本排空。在本试验条件下，用Sibbald的TME法测定饲料代谢能和氨基酸真消化率时，鸡的排空期定为32 h，鸭的排空期定为24 h为宜。     

Comparative observations of the growth changes of the histochemical properties and collagen architecture of the iliotibialis lateralis muscle from Silky, layer and meat type cockerels

Growth‐related changes in the histochemical property and collagen architecture of the iliotibialis lateralis muscle were compared among Silky, layer and meat cockerels. Histochemical and immunohistochemical methods were employed to observe the collagen architecture. The total intramuscular collagen was also determined. The muscle consisted of type IIA, IIB and IIC myofibers, of which type IIB occurred at the highest frequency. The diameter of type IIB myofibers in each week was largest in the layer, followed by the meat, and was smallest in the Silky. The total amount of collagen reached 3.38 mg/g in the meat bird, 3.03 mg/g in the layer and 2.71 mg/g in the Silky by 30 weeks of age, respectively. In the perimysium, the collagen bundles increased in size and density of fibrils with growth. At 30 weeks of age the layer had compact collagen platelets while the Silky had loose collagen bundles. In the meat bird, the collagen bundles were moderately compact. The endomysial collagen network had a large mesh size at 1 week and thereafter accumulated many collagen fibrils to form a felt‐like fabric of fibrils at 30 weeks of age. From these results it appears that growth‐related changes in the iliotibialis lateralis muscle are not necessarily causally affected by the different growth rates of chicken breeds.     

鸡、猪对血粉的氨基酸真消化率及其受蛋白酶调控影响的研究

本研究用去盲肠鸡和回—直肠吻合猪评定了饲用蒸煮血粉的氨基酸真消化率(TAAD),并探讨了添加酸性蛋白酶对蒸者血粉TAAD的调控效应。结果表明,蒸煮血粉平均TAAD在鸡(69.0％)明显低于猪(81.9％),而平均TAAD的酶促消化调控效应在鸡(11.2个百分点)明显高于猪(1.7个百分点)。     

红光照射蛋用型公雏的肥育效果试验

研究了公雏在红色光照下的育肥效果，结果表明，与白光相比，红光可使雏鸡安静，活动时间和啄癖行为减少，对外界的敏感性降低，增重加快，饲料转化率和经济效益提高，可以在生产中用红色光照取代白光照。     

芽孢杆菌对鸡生长性能和盲肠细菌群落的影响

采用饲养试验和微生物平板分析法,观察不同芽孢杆菌对尼克珊瑚粉蛋用公雏生产性能和盲肠微生物菌群的影响。试验结果表明,8株芽孢杆菌中有2株对尼克珊蛋用公雏日增重有极显著促进作用（P＜0.01）,且芽孢杆菌促生长作用具有时间累积效应。盲肠微生物区系分析试验结果表明,食用供试芽孢杆菌的试验鸡盲肠内容物中的微生物主要种群的数量和对照组相比发生很大改变,其中乳酸菌群和好氧菌群的数量较对照组分别减少1或2个数量级。因此,通过生产性能筛选出2〖JP2〗株具有显著促生长效果的芽孢杆菌,且芽孢杆菌对生产性能的影响具有时间累积性,芽孢杆菌对鸡盲肠微生物菌群有显著影响。     

鹅和鸡4种常用饲料原料的代谢能比较

本试验旨在比较鹅和鸡常用饲料原料的代谢能差异.选用体重为(3.76±0.23)kg的成年扬州鹅(公)和体重为(2.57±0.17)kg的成年新扬州鸡(公)各10只,采用Sibbald真代谢能法测定玉米、豆粕、稻谷、麦麸4种常用饲料原料的代谢能值,内源能测定采用饥饿法.结果表明:玉米、豆粕的表观代谢能(AME)鹅与鸡差异不显著(P＞0.05),真代谢能(TME)鹅显著低于鸡(P＜0.05);而稻谷、麦麸的AME鹅显著高于鸡(P＜0.05),TME鹅与鸡差异不显著(P＞0.05).每小时内源能排出量,除强饲豆粕条件下鹅略高于鸡但差异不显著外(P＞0.05),强饲其他3种饲料条件下,鹅均显著高于鸡(P＜0.05).由此表明,鹅的饲料代谢能与鸡的并不完全相同,部分饲料的代谢能鹅和鸡之间存在显著差异,并且鹅的内源能排出量高于鸡.