红花超临界提取物的GC-MS成分分析及抗菌活性研究

[目的]了解红花超临界CO_2萃取物的化学成分并检测其抑菌活性。[方法]采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对超临界CO_2提取的红花成分进行分析,并采用滤纸片法检测萃取物对6种常见病原菌的抑菌活性。[结果]从红花萃取物中鉴定了41个化合物,占总萃取物的52.11%。红花超临界萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念球菌、枯草芽孢菌有抑制作用。[结论]该试验为红花的进一步研究及开发利用提供科学依据。     

CO2浓度和温度对玉米光合性能及水分利用效率的影响

利用可精准控制CO2浓度的大型人工气候室,探讨提高CO2浓度和温度对玉米生长、气体交换参数、荧光参数及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,温度显著影响玉米的生长过程,但CO2浓度对玉米的生物量、叶面积和株高的变化均未产生显著影响。另外,在25/19℃和31/25℃温度条件下,净光合速率(Pn)对温度的响应并没有受到CO2浓度的影响,但在37/31℃高温环境下,CO2浓度升高导致玉米的Pn显著提高16.4%(P<0.05),表明在高温条件下,升高CO2浓度能增加玉米的净光合速率。此外,玉米叶片的水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)随温度升高而显著下降,但CO2浓度升高条件下的玉米叶片WUE明显高于自然CO2浓度,表明CO2浓度升高可以降低升温对玉米叶片WUE的影响。但在不同环境温度条件下,CO2浓度升高缓解高温对叶片WUE产生影响的机理存在差异,较低温度时CO2浓度升高通过降低叶片的蒸腾速率提高WUE,而在高温条件下主要是由于CO2浓度升高能有效缓解高温对Pn的伤害,进而促进叶片WUE的提升。研究结果可为深入理解未来气候变化对玉米生长及水分利用效率产生的影响提供参考,为应对气候变化的农田管理策略制定提供数据支撑和理论依据。     

长期高浓度CO_2处理对长白赤松土壤硝化酶、反硝化酶和固氮酶活性的影响(英文)

在吉林省长白山地区模拟检测了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤氮循环关键过程的影响。试验采用完全随机区组设计的开顶箱系统模拟环境CO2和高浓度CO2,起始于1999年春。选取长白山特有树种长白松(Pinus sylvestris var.sylvestri-formu),种子播种于1999年5月份,萌芽后开始CO2熏蒸处理。CO2熏蒸处理始于每年4月末止于10月末。分别在2006年6月、8月和2007年6月采集土壤样品,并检测土壤硝化酶(NEA)、反硝化酶(DEA)和固氮酶活性。结果表明,高浓度C02使土壤硝化酶(NEA)活性显著提高,提高幅度2006年6月为30.3%,2006年8月为30.9%,2007年6月为11.3%;土壤反硝化酶活性(DEA)在2006年6月份(P<0.012)和2006年8月份(P<0.005)被C02浓度升高显著抑制;在整个研究过程中没有发现C02浓度升高对固氮酶活性产生显著影响。因此,本研究认为C02浓度升高显著影响了土壤硝化酶(NEA)和反硝化酶活性(DEA)。图3表1参44。     

日本蟳能量代谢的研究

在室内实验条件下,测定了温度和体重对日本蟳耗氧率、排氨率和二氧化碳排泄率的影响。实验结果表明,随个体重量的增加,日本蟳单位体重的耗氧率、排氨率和二氧化碳排泄率均减小,呈负相关的幂指数关系,均符合Y=aWb模式。随温度增加,日本蟳的耗氧率、排氨率和二氧化碳排泄率均增加。根据O/N和呼吸商（Q）可知,日本蟳能量代谢的底物主要为蛋白质,其次为脂肪和碳水化合物,其比例为56∶31∶13。     

不同瘤胃乙、丙酸比例对绵羊体内氧化代谢的影响

试羊不喂料 ,由瘤胃和真胃瘘管均衡灌注营养液以达到恒态代谢。改变瘤胃灌注混合挥发性脂肪酸的乙、丙酸比例 ,测定由血管插管注入 14C—乙酸后血液CO2 放射比强度(SA)变化曲线。结果表明 ,灌注高乙、丙酸比例的混合挥发性脂肪酸时 ,血液CO2的SA—时间曲线的K值较大 ,体内代谢物的氧化代谢速度加快。     

The effects of climatic variation in Europe on the yield response of spring wheat cv. Minaret to elevated CO2 and O3: an analysis of open-top chamber experiments by means of two crop growth simulation models

In the ESPACE-Wheat programme, 25 open-top chamber experiments were carried out in 1994, 1995 and 1996, on nine locations, divided over eight European countries. In most experiments, spring wheat cv. Minaret was subjected to two levels of atmospheric CO₂ and two levels of ozone. Grain yields in the control treatments (ambient levels of CO₂ and O₃) varied strongly between sites. Also, yield response to elevated CO₂ and O₃ showed great variation. The present study was conducted to determine whether climatic differences between sites could account for the observed variation.

Two simulation models were used for the analysis: AFRCWHEAT2-O3 and LINTULCC. AFRCWHEAT2-O3 simulates phenology, canopy development and photosynthesis in greater detail than LINTULCC. Both models account for the effects of radiation and temperature on crop growth. New algorithms were developed to simulate the effects of CO₂ and O₃. Weather data that were measured in the experiments were used as input, and simulated growth responses to CO₂ and O₃ were compared with measurements. No attempt was made to merge the two models. Thus two independent tools for analysis of data related to climate change were developed and applied.

The average measured grain yield in the control treatment, across all 25 experiments, was 5.9 tons per hectare (t ha⁻¹), with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.9 t  ha⁻¹. The models predicted similar average yields (5.5 and 5.8 t ha⁻¹ for AFRCWHEAT2-O3 and LINTULCC, respectively), but smaller variation (SD for both models: 1.2 t ha⁻¹). Average measured yield increase due to CO₂-doubling was 30% (SD 22%). AFRCWHEAT2-O3 expected a slightly lower value (24%, SD 9%), whereas LINTULCC overestimated the response (42%, SD 11%). The average measured yield decrease due to nearly-doubled O₃ levels was 9% (SD 11%). Both models showed similar results, albeit at lower variation (7% yield decrease at SDs of 6 and 4%). Simulations accounted well for the observation that, at elevated CO₂, the percentage yield loss due to O₃ was lower than at ambient CO₂.

The models predicted lower variation among sites and years than was measured. Yield response to CO₂ and O₃ was predicted to depend on the climate, with a predominant effect of temperature on the response to CO₂. In the measurements, these climatic effects were indeed observed, but a greater part of the variation was not related to light intensity, temperature, CO₂, or O₃. This unexplained variability in the measured dataset was probably caused by factors not accounted for in the models, possibly related to soil characteristics.

We therefore conclude that even perfect information on the climate variables examined in ESPACE-Wheat, i.e. light intensity and temperature, by itself would be insufficient for accurate prediction of the response of spring wheat to future elevated levels of CO₂ and O₃.     

Effect of elevated ambient CO2 concentration on water use efficiency of Pinus sylvestriformis

IntroductionEvidencefrommanystudiesshowsthattheconcentrationofatmosphericCO,isdramaticallyraisingandadoubIingofthepresentCO,concentrationwouIdoccurduringthelasthaIfofthenextcentury.Therisingofatmospheric.CO,concentrationisstrongIycorrelatedwiththeincreaseinglobaIconsumptionoffossiIfueIsandaIsoaffectedsignificantIybytheclearingofforest(Bazzaz199o).PfantsgrowingatvariousambientconcentrationofCo,showgreatdifferences,includingtheprocessesofgrowthandphysiology.Photosynthesisandtran-spiration…     

316L不锈钢在模拟含二氧化碳原油中的耐腐蚀性能

为了进一步掌握316L不锈钢的适应性,以试验点CO2驱油后采出介质为主要溶液,采用高温高压反应釜,对316L不锈钢挂片的腐蚀规律进行了研究。以Cl-质量浓度、Ca2+质量浓度、CO2分压、温度、流速及油水比作为影响因素开展试验,并利用电子显微镜和电化学工作站对试验范围内腐蚀速率最高的挂片形貌和电化学腐蚀特征进行观察分析。试验结果表明:在Cl-质量浓度为3000~50000 mg/L、Ca2+质量浓度为100~6000 mg/L、CO2分压为0.15~0.75 MPa、温度为15~55℃、流速为0~0.5 m/s以及20%、85%两种含水率条件下,316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率均在10-3~10-2 mm/a数量级之间变化。通过电镜扫描和能谱分析发现,试件中耐腐蚀元素Mo的质量分数略高于最低限,在Al杂质较多的部位,316L不锈钢出现了腐蚀轻微的开口型点蚀坑,表明316L不锈钢在试验范围内具有很好的耐全面腐蚀能力,但点蚀问题不能忽视,试验用316L不锈钢中Cr、Ni、Mo的质量分数均略微高于最低限,建议在选材过程中对有利微量元素的质量分数给予关注。     

CO2施肥条件下高温对黄瓜生长及理化特性的影响

以津春5号黄瓜为材料,设高温、高湿和高温、常规湿度2个处理,与常规黄瓜生产管理为对照,在CO2施肥条件下,每天中午时段平均40～50℃下处理4 h以上.结果表明:高温处理区黄瓜株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶面积等指标与对照差异显著,且高温、高湿处理区除茎粗外其它三项指标与高温、常规湿度处理区差异显著,高温、高湿对黄瓜的商品质量有一定的提高,高温、常规湿度使弯曲瓜增多;黄瓜叶片中可溶性蛋白含量呈降低趋势,游离脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶及丙二醛含量均呈升高趋势,且高温、高湿区变化幅度小于高温、常规湿度区.     

Growth response of 98 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to elevated CO2 and identification of related quantitative trait loci using genome‐wide association studies

Elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) concentrations can stimulate crop growth, but little is known about intraspecific variability in the response to eCO₂ and the underlying genetics in cereals. Field experiments over two years with 98 barley genotypes were conducted in open‐top chambers (OTCs) under ambient CO₂ (400 ppm) and eCO₂ (700 ppm) concentrations. At crop maturity, different fractions of aboveground biomass (AGB) were measured, and genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) were conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL). Averaged across all genotypes, eCO₂ significantly enhanced AGB by 15%, while the increase in culm and ear biomass alone was not significant. The AGB response to eCO₂ of the individual genotypes ranged from c. ?36% to +95% compared with ambient CO₂ (aCO₂), showing a large variability of growth responses. In GWAS, 51 associations between SNP markers and the relative changes (eCO₂/aCO₂) in biomass were detected on different chromosomes. Loci potentially involved in biomass alterations under eCO₂ were identified. The wide range of variability in responses might be exploited by marker‐based breeding for climate‐resilient barley.