Production and isolation of azaspiracid-1 and -2 from Azadinium spinosum culture in pilot scale photobioreactors

Azaspiracid (AZA) poisoning has been reported following consumption of contaminated shellfish, and is of human health concern. Hence, it is important to have sustainable amounts of the causative toxins available for toxicological studies and for instrument calibration in monitoring programs, without having to rely on natural toxin events. Continuous pilot scale culturing was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of AZA production using Azadinium spinosum cultures. Algae were harvested using tangential flow filtration or continuous centrifugation. AZAs were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures, and subsequently purified. When coupling two stirred photobioreactors in series, cell concentrations reached 190,000 and 210,000 cell · mL(-1) at steady state in bioreactors 1 and 2, respectively. The AZA cell quota decreased as the dilution rate increased from 0.15 to 0.3 day(-1), with optimum toxin production at 0.25 day(-1). After optimization, SPE procedures allowed for the recovery of 79 ± 9% of AZAs. The preparative isolation procedure previously developed for shellfish was optimized for algal extracts, such that only four steps were necessary to obtain purified AZA1 and -2. A purification efficiency of more than 70% was achieved, and isolation from 1200 L of culture yielded 9.3 mg of AZA1 and 2.2 mg of AZA2 of >95% purity. This work demonstrated the feasibility of sustainably producing AZA1 and -2 from A. spinosum cultures.     

Expression of recombinant phytase of Bacillus subtilis E20 in Escherichia coli HMS 174 and improving the growth performance of white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,juveniles by using phytase‐pretreated soybean meal‐containing diet

To produce a thermostable and neutral phytase (phy) of Bacillus subtilis E20 in Escherichia coli HMS174 and evaluate its efficiency in improving growth performance. The phy C of B. subtilis E20 was expressed in E. coli HMS 174, and then the 42‐kDa recombinant phy C was purified by Ni‐NAT and analysed by SDS–PAGE. The recombinant phy C had optimal ranges of pH of 6 ~ 7 and temperature of 50 ~ 60 °C. A thermostability analysis showed that the enzyme is a thermostable phytase, and around 33% of residual activity was detected after being incubated at 90 ~ 100 °C for 10 min. The recombinant phy C‐pretreated soybean meal for feed preparation improved white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, growth and feed efficiency. Overall, the neutral and thermostable phy C is suitable for aquafeed, and it is able to improve the nutritional utilization, resulting in enhanced shrimp growth and reduced feed costs.     

Improvement of essential oil yield of oil-bearing (Rosa damascena Mill.) due to surfactant and maceration

The essential oil content of the oil-bearing rose (Rosa damascene Mill.) is relatively low, around 0.3-0.4 mL kg⁻¹ in fresh flowers. There is a need to increase essential oil yield of oil-bearing rose. The objective was to examine the effect of Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) applied with, or without, maceration of flowers on oil content and composition of oil-bearing rose harvested at beginning of flowering, full bloom, and end of flowering. Addition of Tween 20 at 1000 mL L⁻¹ and 2500 mL L⁻¹ increased essential oil yield by 26% (to 0.44 mL kg⁻¹) and 54% (to 0.54 mL kg⁻¹) respectively relative to the untreated control that gave 0.35 mL kg⁻¹ yield. Maceration, in combination with the addition of Tween 20 at 1000 mL L⁻¹ and Tween 20 at 2500 mL L⁻¹, increased oil yield by 69% (to 0.59 mL kg⁻¹) and 94% (to 0.68 mL kg⁻¹) respectively. Among the three phenological phases of harvest, harvesting at the beginning of flowering gave the highest yield followed by the full bloom and then by the end of flowering phases. Since the interaction effect was not significant, the differences obtained among the treatments were regardless of the phase, and vice versa. Treatments did not significantly alter composition of the essential oil. Postharvest pre-extraction application of Tween 20 in combination with maceration could be used in the rose industry for increasing the essential oil yield.     

Evaluation of chitosan and alginate immobilized Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20 on tomato plant growth

Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20, a promising plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and a biocontrol agent, was immobilized in different formulations such as wet chitosan, dry chitosan, wet alginate and dry alginate and were tested for tomato plant growth promotion. Chitosan solution (1.5%) with pH 5.5–6.0 and 90 min contact time was found optimal for immobilization. The chitosan formulations showed better entrapment efficiency and good degradability resistance apart from slow release of cells under prolonged incubation. Survivability of bacteria (80%) was observed in wet chitosan formulation even after 90 days of storage at 4°C. The spermosphere survival of bacteria was high in both dry and wet chitosan formulations applied soils even after 21 days under greenhouse conditions. While the alginate formulation degraded fully, partial degradation of chitosan formulation was observed even after 30 days, indicating its ability to support the survival of M. oryzae CBMB20 in soil. Plants inoculated with wet chitosan formulation registered 1.3 fold increase in the shoot and root length and dry weight compared to other treatments. Hence, chitosan formulation supporting better plant growth compared to alginate will be a better carrier for taking bacteria to the plant rhizosphere and thereby promote plant growth.     

绿盲蝽AlEcR-A的单克隆抗体制备及在外源20E诱导下的应答

【目的】获得绿盲蝽(Apolygus lucorum)蜕皮激素受体(A1EcR-A)原核表达的重组蛋白,制备单克隆抗体,分析绿盲蝽AlEcR-A在外源蜕皮激素(20E)诱导下mRNA及蛋白表达量的变化趋势,为进一步研究EcR的功能奠定前期基础,同时也为构建20E信号传导的网络图谱提供理论依据。【方法】在前期获得绿盲蝽AlEcR-A的基础上,将含有其基因的T载体经NdeⅠ和XbaⅠ双酶切,构建AlEcR-A原核表达载体(pCzn1-AlEcR-A),将该表达载体经IPTG诱导表达和蛋白Ni-IDA亲和纯化,以获得AlEcR-A基因功能区的纯化蛋白。进一步用其进行免疫反应,取小鼠的脾细胞与SP2/0细胞进行细胞融合,采用间接ELISA及Western blot筛选验证是否为目的抗体,通过抗体纯化,Western blot检测该抗体能否特异性结合AlEcR-A重组蛋白及绿盲蝽总蛋白,从而制备得到AlEcR-A蛋白单克隆抗体。最后利用RT-PCR及Western blot方法,进行20E微注射绿盲蝽2龄若虫,分析8 d内AlEcR-A的mRNA及蛋白含量的变化,明晰20E诱导下AlEcR-A的应答反应。【结果】经NdeⅠ和XbaⅠ双酶切后原核表达载体pCzn1-AlEcR-A在大肠杆菌Arctic express中能高效表达一个约为55 kD的蛋白,且该重组蛋白经IPTG诱导后主要以包涵体的形式存在;经Ni-IDA亲和层析后,pCzn1-AlEcR-A重组蛋白的包涵体纯度仅在55 kD附近有一条明显的特异性条带,说明靶蛋白已得到纯化。进一步通过小鼠免疫、细胞融合及腹水制备,获得了1株能稳定分泌抗AlEcR-A蛋白单克隆抗体的细胞株,命名为8H7;Western blot分析表明,该细胞株不仅能与绿盲蝽总蛋白结合,还可特异性与AlEcR-A重组蛋白反应,且条带大小一致,说明制备的AlEcR-A单克隆抗体准确、有效;RT-PCR及Western blot结果表明,与注射蒸馏水相比,20E微注射处理后的绿盲蝽AlEcR-A mRNA表达量及蛋白表达量均显著升高,且随着处理时间的延长,其增值幅度也逐渐增高。【结论】获得了一株高特异性的能稳定分泌AlEcR-A单克隆抗体的细胞株,20E有诱导AlEcR-A mRNA及蛋白表达的作用。     

甜橙和柚中CTV强弱毒株系p20的遗传变异

【目的】对7个柑橘衰退病毒(CTV)株系进行遗传变异研究,明确寄主甜橙和柚中CTV强弱毒株系p20的变异水平。【方法】运用RT-PCR、克隆及测序等技术建立CTV p20种群,并借助MEGA6构建单倍型系统发育树,运用软件DNAStar对两种寄主中CTV强弱毒种群的遗传结构、变异水平进行分析,运用DnaSP软件对各种群进行单倍型多样性、核苷酸多样性分析和中性检验分析。【结果】构建了7个CTV p20种群,由162条序列构成,包含11个单倍型,单个种群有1个或更多单倍型出现。序列分析发现,来自不同种群的单倍型对应的原始核苷酸序列一致性为88.2%—100.0%,对应的氨基酸序列的一致性为92.3%—100.0%,最低的氨基酸序列一致性发生在CT23-1和CT9-2之间;其中单倍型PeraIAC-4、CT22和CT9-1共有50条序列,对应的原始核苷酸序列一致性为100.0%,属优势单倍型,与标准株系T36亲缘关系较近;单倍型多样性最丰富的是甜橙种群PeraIAC,单倍型多样性为0.800,而单倍型多样性最低的是柚种群CT22,单倍型多样性为0.170;相比柚种群的单倍型多样性(0.170—0.552)和核苷酸多样性(0.00032—0.05919),甜橙种群具有更为丰富的单倍型多样性(0.513—0.800)和核苷酸多样性(0.04208—0.05677)。系统发育树分析表明,来自甜橙的分离株种群结构复杂,甜橙种群中检测到的单倍型与标准株系T30、T36、VT和T3均有相关性;与标准株系T3相距很近的CT31-2与优势单倍型在系统发育树上距离最远,对应的原始核苷酸序列一致性仅为88.3%。中性检验结果表明,CTV甜橙种群趋于平衡或收缩状态,而CTV柚种群除CT23外则趋于扩张状态;其中TR-514Y、CT31和CT23种群的Tajima’s D值、Fu和Li’s D*值以及Fu和Li’s F*值均为正值且达到显著水平,而CT9种群的Tajima’s D值、Fu和Li’s D*值以及Fu和Li’s F*值均为负值且达到显著水平。运用DnaSP软件对各种群进行重组分析表明,在各种群中均未检测到重组事件发生。种群变异分析发现,各种群突变克隆百分比在0—30.8%,碱基突变频率在0—7.706×10~(-4),其中CTV甜橙强毒种群有最高的突变克隆百分比(30.8%),最高的碱基突变频率(7.706×10~(-4)),最多的碱基突变数量(11个)和最多的突变位点(7个);CTV甜橙弱毒种群的突变克隆百分比和碱基突变频率均明显低于甜橙强毒种群,CTV柚弱毒种群的突变克隆百分比和碱基突变频率略低于柚强毒种群。碱基突变类型分析发现碱基突变以碱基替代为主,其中A→G突变为优势类型,仅在柚强毒种群CT3的156和157位点间检测到一个碱基插入突变类型,为碱基A插入,未检测到碱基缺失突变类型。【结论】在寄主甜橙和柚中CTV强弱毒p20种群结构及变异存在差异,CTV甜橙种群有着更复杂的种群结构和更高的种群变异水平,且CTV强毒种群变异更大。     

CD20片段抗体在红花悬浮细胞中的表达研究

【目的】研究用红花愈伤组织建立红花悬浮细胞培养体系的条件,并利用红花悬浮细胞通过农杆菌介导转化法表达CD20复合片段抗体。【方法】以红花子叶为外植体,研究不同种类激素组合对愈伤诱导率的影响,筛选优质愈伤组织进行悬浮培养,探索不同初始接种量、蔗糖质量分数、水解酪蛋白质量浓度对红花悬浮细胞生长的影响。将CD20复合片段抗体基因两端引入XmaⅠ/EcoRⅠ酶切位点,并将其与pEASY-T1和pBasta载体相连,构建pEASY-T1-CD20克隆载体和pBasta-CD20表达载体,再将构建的pBasta-CD20表达载体转入根瘤农杆菌,利用根瘤农杆菌介导红花悬浮细胞转化法表达CD20复合片段抗体。【结果】红花子叶愈伤诱导最佳条件为MS+NAA 2mg/L+6-BA 0.5mg/L、温度(25±0.1)℃、光照70μmol/(m2·s)连续光照,继代培养条件为MS+NAA 1mg/L+6-BA 0.5mg/L、30μmol/(m2·s)连续光照、温度(25±0.1)℃。悬浮细胞体系培养最佳条件为不加琼脂粉的MS+NAA 1mg/L+6-BA 0.5mg/L、接种量2.5g(50mL培养基)、蔗糖质量分数2%、水解酪蛋白800mg/L。pBastaCD20表达载体构建成功,且目的蛋白在红花悬浮细胞中成功表达。【结论】成功构建了红花悬浮细胞培养体系,并用该体系成功表达了CD20复合片段抗体。     

DS18B20温度传感器在温室大棚中的应用研究

针对温室大棚需严格监测温度的实际情况,在介绍了新型单总线温度传感器DS18B20内部结构和操作命令的基础上,建立了以AT89S51单片机为核心、DS18B20为温度传感器的温室大棚温度检测系统,设计了温度检测系统的硬件组成和软件流程。     

放线菌HN20对黄瓜和生菜的促生作用

为探究放线菌HN20菌株对黄瓜、生菜的促生潜力,通过培养皿法及盆栽法,测定不同浓度放线菌HN20发酵液处理黄瓜、生菜的各项生长指标。结果表明:HN20发酵液对黄瓜促生作用不明显,对生菜促生作用显著;100倍发酵稀释液能明显促进生菜各项生长指标,尤其能显著增加植株可溶性糖的含量,提高植株的根系活力。     

20%氟酰胺可湿性粉剂对草坪褐斑病菌的室内毒力和田间防效

采用菌丝生长速率法进行氟酰胺对草坪褐斑病菌的室内毒力测定,结果表明,氟酰胺对草坪褐斑病菌菌丝生长有很好的抑制作用,EC50为0.014 8mg/kg。田间药效试验结果表明,20%氟酰胺WP 270~375g a.i./hm2对草坪褐斑病有很好的防治效果,防效达84.73%~88.52%。该药剂对草坪草安全,可以广泛用于草坪褐斑病的防治。