SARS灭活疫苗的实验免疫初步研究

观察 SARS灭活疫苗在实验动物体内的免疫效果 ,初步探讨 SARS灭活疫苗的免疫机理。方法 :利用 Vero E6细胞培养 SARS病毒 ,加入甲醛将其灭活 ,以此为抗原 ,筛选合适佐剂 ,制定合理的免疫程序 ,分别免疫 BAL B/ c小鼠、C57BL/ 6J小鼠及 SD大鼠 ,免疫后每两周采外周血一次 ,用流式细胞仪测外周血 CD4 、CD8 ,计算淋巴细胞总数。同时用 EL ISA法及中和抗体法测定抗 SARS冠状病毒 Ig G抗体的水平。结果显示 :与对照组比较 ,SARS灭活疫苗进行免疫后的实验动物外周血淋巴细胞的百分比计数、CD4 / CD8 T淋巴细胞之间的比值随着时间的变化均有不同程度的增长 ;Ig G中和抗体水平达到 1∶ 2 560 ,EL ISA抗体水平达到 1∶40 960。表明 SARS灭活疫苗可以有效刺激实验动物体内 T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞的活化过程 ,能成功诱导细胞免疫和体液免疫 ;SARS灭活疫苗同时还具有较强的免疫原性 ,可刺激实验动物产生具有免疫保护作用的特异性 Ig G抗体     

免疫增强剂TMFN对犬外周血CD4/CD8比值的影响

采用检测犬外周血 CD4和 CD8比值变化的方法 ,观察犬注射免疫增强剂 TMFN和犬疫苗后 ,不同组之间的 CD4和 CD8比值 ,以证明该免疫增强剂对犬免疫系统的影响。结果表明 ,该免疫增强剂能够提高正常犬的细胞免疫水平 ,在犬注射疫苗的同时应用该免疫增强剂 ,可显著提高疫苗的免疫效力     

Porcine CD18 mediates Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIII species-specific toxicity

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, produces Apx toxins that are recognized as major virulence factors. Recently, we showed that ApxIIIA-cytotoxic activity specifically targets Sus scrofa leukocytes. Since both LtxA from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (aggressive periodontitis in humans) and LktA from Mannheimia haemolytica (pneumonia in ruminants) share this characteristic, respectively towards human and ruminant leukocytes, and because both use the CD18 subunit to interact with their respective LFA-1, we hypothesized that ApxIIIA was likely to bind porcine CD18 to exercise its deleterious effects on pig leukocytes. A β ₂−integrin-deficient ApxIIIA-resistant human erythroleukemic cell line was transfected either with homologous or heterologous CD11a/CD18 heterodimers using a set of plasmids coding for human (ApxIIIA-resistant), bovine (-resistant) and porcine (-susceptible) CD11a and CD18 subunits. Cell preparations that switched from ApxIIIA-resistance to -susceptibility were then sought to identify the LFA-1 subunit involved. The results showed that the ApxIIIA-resistant recipient cell line was rendered susceptible only if the CD18 partner within the LFA-1 heterodimer was that of the pig. It is concluded that porcine CD18 is necessary to mediate A. pleuropneumoniae ApxIIIA toxin-induced leukolysis.     

Vaccination of calves with Mycobacteria bovis Bacilli Calmete Guerin (BCG) induced rapid increase in the proportion of peripheral blood γδ T cells

Changes in the proportion of peripheral blood T cell subsets after subcutaneous inoculation of cattle with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were studied. Calves were injected with approximately 8 × 10⁶ BCG bacillus and blood samples collected at weekly intervals for flow-cytometric analyses to determine the proportion of CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and γδ T cells. In addition, whole blood samples were stimulated in vitro with M. bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) and the secreted IFN-γ quantified by ELISA. Results showed cellular and cytokine changes which could be categorized into three phases. The first phase occurred within the first 2 weeks after vaccination involving an increase in proportion of WC1⁺ γδ T cells and a concomitant increase in the secretion of IFN-γ. These two responses peaked at 2 weeks and waned thereafter. The second phase involved an increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio as a result of an increase in the proportion of CD4⁺ T cells between 4 and 6 weeks. The third phase involved a decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio due to an increase in the proportion of CD8⁺ T cells between 8 and 10 weeks. Surprisingly, the IFN-γ response was associated with changes in the γδ rather than the CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells, suggesting that this cytokine was secreted by γδ-T cells. These results are consistent with the reported ability of γδ T cells to act rapidly and bridging the innate and classically adaptive immune responses.     

Neutrophil and platelet activation in equine recurrent airway obstruction is associated with increased neutrophil CD13 expression, but not platelet CD41/61 and CD62P or neutrophil–platelet aggregate formation

Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in mature horses is characterized by reversible airway obstruction and neutrophilic inflammation; there is also functional activation of circulating platelets and neutrophils. This study was undertaken to determine if changes in activation marker expression and heterotypic aggregate formation can be used as an indicator of this increased functional responsiveness.In vitro conditions for flow cytometric measurement of CD13, CD41/61 and CD62P expression on activated cells and heterotypic aggregate formation were established. Values were then compared before and after antigen challenge of RAO and healthy horses. Platelet adhesion to serum-coated plastic was measured as a functional marker of platelet activation.In vitro activation resulted in increased expression of neutrophil CD13 and platelet CD41/61 and CD62P. Activation of both cell types caused a significant increase in neutrophil–platelet aggregates.In horses with RAO, but not controls, there was a significant increase in the percentage of CD13 positive neutrophils at 10 h and 24 h and in the mean fluorescence intensity at 10 h. This was accompanied at 24 h by an increased mean platelet side scatter and thrombin-stimulated platelet adhesion.In conclusion, CD13 expression can be used as an indicator of equine neutrophil activation both in vitro and in vivo. Equine platelet activation in vitro can be detected by measuring CD41/61 or CD62P expression, and PAF-activated platelets and neutrophils form aggregates. However, despite evidence of circulating platelet activation, neither a change in expression of platelet activation markers, nor heterotypic aggregate aggregate formation could be detected.     

Identification of CD3+ T lymphocytes in the green turtle Chelonia mydas

To understand the role of the immune system with respect to disease in reptiles, there is the need to develop tools to assess the host's immune response. An important tool is the development of molecular markers to identify immune cells, and these are limited for reptiles. We developed a technique for the cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and showed that a commercially available anti-CD3 epsilon chain antibody detects a subpopulation of CD3 positive peripheral blood lymphocytes in the marine turtle Chelonia mydas. In the thymus and in skin inoculated with phytohemagglutinin, the same antibody showed the classical staining pattern observed in mammals and birds. For Western blot, the anti-CD3 antibodies identified a 17.6 kDa band in membrane proteins of peripheral blood mononuclear cell compatible in weight to previously described CD3 molecules. This is the first demostration of CD3+ cells in reptiles using specific antibodies.     

Flow cytometric patterns in blood from dogs with non-neoplastic and neoplastic hematologic diseases using double labeling for CD18 and CD45

BACKGROUND: In dogs, flow cytometry is used in the phenotyping of immunologic cells and in the diagnosis of hemic neoplasia. However, the paucity of specific antibodies for myeloid cells and B lymphocytes and of labeled antibodies for multicolor techniques limits the ability to detect all leukocyte subpopulations. This is especially true for neoplastic and precursor cells. CD18 and CD45 are expressed on all leukocytes and are involved in cell activation, and together could be useful in helping determine cell lineage. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to double label canine blood for CD18 and CD45 and to use the differential expression of antigens to identify leukocyte populations in dogs with non-neoplastic and neoplastic hematologic diseases. METHODS: A template was developed using blood samples from 10 clinically healthy dogs and a back-gating technique. Differential leukocyte counts obtained with the template were compared with those obtained by manual and automated methods on blood samples from 17 additional healthy dogs. Blood samples obtained from 9 dogs with non-neoplastic (reactive) hematologic diseases and 27 dogs with hemic neoplasia were double stained for CD18 and CD45 using mouse anticanine CD18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus phycoerythrin-conjugated rat anticanine CD45 mAb and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated rabbit antimouse IgG. Hemic neoplasms were diagnosed by cell morphology, and immunophenotypic and cytochemical markers. RESULTS: With the double label, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and T- and B-lymphocytes were identified. In reactive disorders, a population of activated neutrophils with high CD45 and CD18 expression was detected. In hemic neoplasia, cell lineage was easily determined, even in acute leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: Double labeling for CD18/CD45 may be useful as a screening method to evaluate hematologic diseases and help determine cell lineage, and to aid in the selection of a panel of antibodies that would be useful for further analysis.     

CD147基因在家兔肠道的克隆与结构预测

基于电子延伸序列,克隆并分析兔CD147基因.采用兔十二指肠黏膜组织提取总RNA,进行RT-PCR反应,测序并进行结构预测.克隆的兔CD147基因包含一个完整的开放阅读框架,全长为810 bp,编码由270个氨基酸残基组成的CD147前体蛋白,推导的氨基酸序列信号肽为1～16个氨基酸.氨基酸序列与牛、人、褐鼠、野猪的同源性分别为62.5%,65.9%,59.5%和66.3%,三级结构预测表明CD147具有2个免疫球蛋白类似区.试验成功克隆了兔CD147基因,注册到GenBank(Accession.EU650668),并预测其三级结构,为进一步研究其生物学功能奠定基础.     

两种蒿属植物的光合特性研究

采用Li-6200光合分析仪,对沙漠绿洲边缘流动沙丘上分布的沙蒿和油蒿光合速率进行了日变化和季节变化的测试.结果表明:沙蒿Pn日变化呈双峰曲线,第一峰值出现在9:00为19.096 μmol·m-2·s-1,第二个峰值出现在15:00为14.646 μmol·m-2·s-1;油蒿Pn日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在9:00为23.03 μmol·m-2·s-1.沙蒿Pn平均高峰值在6月份为11.9848 μmol·m-2·s-1,油蒿Pn高峰值出现在7月份为11.394 μmol·m-2·s-1.在整个生长季节中沙蒿和油蒿的平均WUE分别为0.8367和0.4405.相关分析表明,沙蒿Pn与其影响因子I、Cs、 Gs之间呈极显著或显著正相关关系;与Ci、Rs因子之间呈极显著或显著负相关关系;与其他因子呈不显著正或负相关关系.油蒿Pn与I、RH、Gs、Cs因子之间呈极显著或显著正相关关系,与其他因子呈不显著正或负相关关系.并得出了沙蒿与油蒿I及其影响因子之间的多元回归方程.     

断流34年后塔里木河干流景观现状分析

以塔里木河干流为研究靶区,利用2006年CBERS-1影像,从景观格局指数及斑块等级方面为切入点,对研究区景观做出最新判断.结果表明:从1972年塔里木河下游断流以来,不仅使下游生态环境恶化,而且间接地影响了中、上游植被情况.虽然放水后整个干流植被在一定程度上已有所改善,截止2006年年底,仍然以低质植被支撑着整个生态系统,斑块等级极化现象严重.从各景观类型面积变化率来看,上游到下游农田面积大幅度增加.从景观类型生态作用来看,植被在生态正效益方面具有明显优势,而农用地对生态具有负效益.