关于我国苹果育种研究工作的几点想法

概述了世界上一些主要苹果生产国家,包括美国、加拿大、日本、英国、法国、荷兰、德国、新西兰、澳大利亚等的苹果育种概况和取得的成就,并回顾了我国苹果育种的成就。作者根据自己对国际上目前盛行栽培和发展的苹果品种以及我国培育的苹果新品种的了解,认为我国近些年来发表的一些品种,如华冠、华帅、华红、寒富、新帅、新苹等,都具有优质、丰产、耐贮、适应性广的特点,并且有的在品质上并不比现在国际上盛行发展的富士,布瑞拜,乔纳金,新红星差。对于这些品种,作者认为应积极开展品种区域试验,与这些国际上的热门品种进行较量,以确定它们在国内和国际上的推广价值。为了尽快培育出我国超国际水平的苹果新品种,建议扩大全国苹果育种中心机构,统一制定育种计划,利用我国已培育出的前述的几个优质品种与一些国外的实践证明为优良杂交亲本的品种进行重复杂交,加速我国苹果育种步伐。     

两种牛舍在不同季节对种公牛鲜精品质的影响

本文针对河南省鼎元种牛育种有限公司180头采精种公牛的采精情况,分析两种牛舍(开放牛舍和封闭牛舍)在不同季节对种公牛日平均采精量、密度、活力的影响,以便在生产中采取相应的措施改善种公牛饲养管理条件。结果发现,春、秋两季两种牛舍对种公牛采精量、密度、精子活力的影响无显著差异,但总体上开放式牛舍略优于封闭式牛舍。冬季封闭牛舍的种公牛采精量、精子活力显著高于开放牛舍(P<0.05)。因而认为,春秋季开放牛舍更适合种公牛的饲养,冬季封闭牛舍更利于种公牛精子质量的提高。     

猪配套系育种方法研究进展

随着生猪养殖业的蓬勃发展,对于生猪品种的要求也随之提高。近年来猪配套系育种得到广泛应用,旨在选育出生产性能和肉质性能优的生猪品种,提高养猪经济效益,促进养猪业健康稳定发展。本文主要围绕配套系的出现、配套系的概念、猪配套系育种的基本方法、配套系在联合育种中的应用以及国内外种猪配套研究进展等进行总结,以期为猪配套繁育体系在生猪养殖业的应用和发展提供理论指导。     

谈育成鸡的培育与疾病控制

在蛋鸡的养殖过程中,养殖户十分重视雏鸡和产蛋鸡的饲养管理,却往往粗发了育成鸡的饲养,而育成鸡饲养的好坏会直接影响到产蛋鸡生产性能的发挥,影响到鸡场的经济效益。本文从育成鸡饲养管理和防疫卫生保健等方面做了系统阐述,以供同行和养殖户参考。     

Comparative pharmacokinetics and a clinical laboratory evaluation of intravenous acetaminophen in Beagle and Galgo Español dogs

Objective

To assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) and conduct a clinical laboratory evaluation of acetaminophen in Beagle and Galgo Español (GE) dogs.

Traditional livestock breeding practices of men and women Somali pastoralists: trait preferences and selection of breeding animals

Somalia, one of the world's poorest countries, has livestock as the mainstay of the economy, with an estimated 65% of the population engaged in the livestock sector. This paper presents a gendered study on the traditional livestock breeding practices of Somali pastoralists for camels, cattle, sheep and goats, with a focus on documenting livestock traits of importance, the criteria used to select male breeding animals and the criteria used to cull female breeding animals. Data for the study were obtained by performing participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) with separate male and female pastoral groups from 20 settlements of the Tog‐Dheer region of Somaliland (in north‐western Somalia). In total, more than 500 pastoralists were involved. In terms of livestock ownership, goats were the most common species kept (97% of all households), followed by sheep (64%), camels (37%) and cattle (9%), with considerable herd size variation across households. Traits of key importance to the pastoralists varied by species and gender of the PRA group, but included adaptedness to harsh environmental conditions, high market value/high meat production and high milk production. The pastoralists practised sensible criteria for the selection of male breeding animals for all species, capturing aspects of productivity (milk yield, reproduction), adaptedness (good hardiness) and marketability (body size and conformation). Similarly, they practised sensible criteria for culling of female breeding animals, with females removed from the herd primarily for poor performance, but also to meet the livelihood needs of the family. Differences in the selection and culling criteria were noted by species, as well as gender of the pastoralists. On the whole, there was strong alignment between the livestock selection criteria used by the Somali pastoralists, their reasons for keeping livestock and the market requirements. This is not surprising given the intimate and long‐standing relationship between Somali pastoralists and their livestock.     

Differences in calpain system,desmin degradation and water holding capacity between commercial Meishan and Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred pork

The objective of this study was to examine the differences in calpain system, desmin degradation, pH values and water holding capacity (WHC) between muscles of commercial Meishan and Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred pigs. Meishan pork presented better WHC evidenced by lower purge loss at days 1 and 3 and less centrifugation loss at day 1 post mortem (P < 0.05). pH values at 45 min post mortem in Meishan pork were significantly higher compared to crossbred pork (P < 0.05). Calpain‐1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was lower in Meishan pork compared to that from crossbred pork (P < 0.05). Additionally, calpain‐1 activity, the ratio of calpain‐1 to calpastatin activity and desmin degradation were lower in Meishan pork compared to those from crossbred pork samples (P < 0.05). The results indicate that the calpain system including mRNA expression and activity were different between commercial Meishan and crossbred pork resulting in difference in the degree of desmin degradation during post mortem aging. pH values at 45 min and 24 h post mortem rather than calpain activity and desmin degradation could explain the higher water holding capacity in commercial Meishan pork.     

马铃薯新品种商马铃薯一号的选育

商马铃薯一号是以中薯2号为母本、阿奎拉为父本,通过有性杂交选育而成。该品种早熟,生育期65 d;抗卷叶病毒病、花叶病毒病、晚疫病、早疫病和环腐病;薯块长椭圆形,黄皮黄肉,薯皮光滑,芽眼浅,商品薯率87.9%以上,品质优;属鲜食加工兼用型品种,适合中原二季作区纯作或间作套种栽培。     

硬胚乳高赖氨酸玉米选育方法的研究

以O_2基因为遗传背景的高级氨酸玉米(简称O_2玉米)比普通玉米同型种一般产量低7—15%,这是粉质胚乳导致子粒容重降低的结果.育种上解决的途径是利用硬胚乳修饰基因选育子粒容重较高的硬胚乳或半硬胚乳O_2自交系.不同类型玉米携带的硬胚乳修饰基因贫富悬殊很大,只有筛选利用较丰富的亲本材料,通过自交或自交与姊妹交相结合的二环系选育方法,以早代子粒出现“角帽”和“角圈’为选择目标,才能有效地育成硬胚乳或半硬胚乳O_2玉米交系.     

夏秋蚕品种新杭、科明选育的研究

新杭、科明是以含有多化性血统及多丝量品种杂交固定而成.培育中,采用温度29—32℃、相对湿度85—90% 、连续7代近亲交配.通过提高茧层量和上茧率,相应提高茧层率、茧丝长和茧丝量,并选择解舒率高的蛾区继代,以达到提高出丝率的目的.为了使强健性和数量性状之间平衡发展,在早代加强数量性状的提高,在中期控制数量性状选择强度.同时,选育中调查蚁蚕绝食72小时存活率、饥饿后食桑能力的恢复、2龄起蚕绝食生命时数及5龄饷食到上蔟后96小时高温冲击的发蛾率等.证明对检验蚕品种的强健性和加速新品种的育成是有效的.