Assessing the situation of non-forest private woodlands: The Turkish case

This paper examines the situation of private woodlands in Turkey, which are referred to as ‘non-forest private woodlands’ (NFPWs). The questions addressed by this study are ‘Why are NFPWs not defined as forest?’, ‘Is the exclusion of NFPWs from forests reasonable?’ and ‘What are the consequences of excluding NFPWs from the forest regime?’. It is found that the criteria used to define a forest in Turkey, and hence to exclude NFPWs from forests, do not have a rational basis. Moreover, the threshold level of area, the most decisive criterion, is far beyond comparable international values and cannot be explained by country peculiarities. Also, NFPWs are more likely to be granted tree cutting approval if they have some type of official cadastre or if they harvest trees for domestic use. Commercial-use NFPWs make tree cuttings in higher quantities than domestic harvesters. NFPWs in general can be perceived as fuelwood harvesters as opposed to industrial wood suppliers. NFPWs with forest or land cadastre tend to harvest at higher levels compared to those without a cadastral survey. In the 8-year period 1993 and 2000, approximately 2.5 M m³ of wood was harvested on NFPWs across Turkey. The annual wood production on NFPWs throughout the country decreased drastically during that period, from about 700,000 m³ down to about 150,000 m³. This may be an alarming sign for environmental and socio-economic sustainability involving these lands. Forest management of these lands can be improved if the forestry administration authority implements planned environment-related regulative criteria as well as sound channels of communication, designed to lead the landowners towards best ‘forest’ management practices and hence to guarantee the sustainability of the communities and the natural resource base of the country.     

南方马尾松碳素含量与热值分析

以中国南方马尾松为研究对象,对南方马尾松不同器官的碳素含量、灰分含量与去灰分热值的分布特征进行研究。结果表明：①南方马尾松林分的平均碳素含量、灰分含量与去灰分热值分别为50.55%,1.02%,21.74 kJ.g-1;枝、叶、干、皮、根相互之间的平均碳素含量、灰分含量、去灰分热值都具有显著性差异;②认为将树干（去皮）中部位（3.5/10树高处）碳素含量,皮的上、中、下部位的平均去灰分热值,枝的中、下部位的平均灰分含量可分别作为整株碳素含量、去灰分热值、灰分含量是可行的;③马尾松碳素含量、去灰分热值、灰分含量三者之间均存在较强的相关性,其中去灰分热值与灰分含量的相关性系数达0.668;④马尾松碳素含量比较稳定,与林木起源、胸径、年龄等因子相关不显著,而去灰分热值、灰分含量与胸径、年龄、冠幅、树高相关性显著,与起源、坡度、海拔等因子相关性不明显。     

溶解度作为啤酒大麦品质筛选指标有效性研究

大麦制麦芽期间，胚乳的溶解是从近胚端向远胚端发展，从亚糊粉层向中心移动，溶解作用主要在发芽的有５天内完成，溶解度大致以每天２０－３０％的速度增加，品种间差异明显，麦芽溶解率的提高与β－葡聚糖含量的下降以及浸出率、糖化力和可溶性氮的增加表现为同步变化，此外，对３６个品种的分析表明，麦芽溶解度与浸出率成极显著正相关，与麦芽硬度和蛋白质含量呈显著负相关，可见，溶解度是反映麦芽品质的一个极好的综合性指标，     

Characterization of drought stress environments for upland rice and maize in central Brazil

Drought stresses arise when the combination of rainfall and soil water supply are insufficient to meet the transpiration needs of the crop. In the Cerrado region of Goiás state, Brazil, summer rainfall is typically greater than 1000 mm. However, drought stress can occur during rain-free periods of only 1–3 weeks, since roots are frequently restricted to shallow depths due to Al-induced acidity in deeper soil layers. If these droughts are frequent, then plant breeding programs need to consider how to develop suitable germplasm for the target population of environments (TPE). A crop simulation model was used to determine patterns of drought stress for 12 locations and >30 environments (6 years × 5–6 planting dates) for short and medium duration rice crops (planted in early summer), and for maize grown either as a 1st or 2nd crop in the summer cycle. Regression analysis of the simulations confirmed the greater yield impact in both crops of drought stress (quantified as the ratio of water-limited to potential transpiration) when it occurred around the time of flowering and early grain-filling. For rice, mild mid-season droughts occurred 40–60% of the time in virgin (0.4 m deep for rice or 0.5 m for maize) soils and improved (0.8 m for rice or 1.0 m for maize) soils, with a yield reduction of <30%. More severe reproductive and grain-filling stress (yield reductions of 50% for rice to 90% for maize) occurred less frequently in rice (<30% of time) and 1st maize crop (< 10% of time). The 2nd maize crop experienced the greatest proportion (75–90%) of drought stresses that reduced yield to <50% of potential, with most of these occasions associated with later planting. The rice breeding station (CNPAF) experiences the same pattern of different drought types as for the TPE, and is largely suitable for early-stage selection of adapted germplasm based on yield potential. However, selection for virgin soil types could be augmented by evaluation on some less-improved soils in the slightly drier parts of the TPE region. Similarly, the drought patterns at the maize research station (CNPMS) and the other maize screening locations are better suited to selection of lines for the improved soil types. Development of lines for the 2nd crop and on more virgin (acidic) soils would require more targeted selection at late planting dates in drier sites.     

Breeding against Dutch elm disease adapted to the Mediterranean climate

Breeding for resistance was considered one of the possible ways to limit the damages caused by the epidemics of Dutch elm disease (DED) during the last century. The elm breeding program developed by CNR in Italy was based on the idea that the Mediterranean environment would need its own specific selections. A base broadening of the genetic resources was operated. A base of native elms with a set of good characters to act as parents was bred with different Asian elm species that showed the ability of acclimatization to the different climates in which elms have to be planted. For this aim a large collection of elm species was constituted, followed by hybridisation studies. Progenies were tested for DED resistance. The more resistant clones were planted in trial fields characterised by contrasting Mediterranean climates in order to select the best potential genotypes adapted either to coastal or to mountain environmental conditions. More than 60 clones resistant, fast-growing and showing remarkable aesthetic ornamental characters were obtained.     

马铃薯重要性状QTL定位及3个抗病性状分子标记辅助选育

马铃薯是我国主要粮食作物之一,马铃薯分子育种研究具有重要意义。在二倍体马铃薯中,重要性状控制基因的QTL定位及克隆已经有大量报道。近年,随着同源四倍体分析软件的开发,四倍体马铃薯的遗传图谱构建和QTL定位也取得了突破性进展。分子标记是马铃薯育种的重要辅助手段,可快速准确筛选出多个优良性状。对马铃薯重要农艺性状的QTL定位和克隆,以及3个抗病性状分子标记辅助选育的研究进展进行概述,为加快马铃薯分子育种研究提供参考和实践依据。     

高淀粉加工专用型马铃薯育种研究进展

马铃薯淀粉具有其他淀粉不能替代的独特品质和功能,广泛应用于食品加工、化工、医药、纺织、造纸、饲料等领域。国内马铃薯淀粉的年产量远远不能满足市场的需求,高淀粉加工专用型新品种选育是目前我国马铃薯育种的重要目标之一。概述了马铃薯淀粉的特性、需求,国内外高淀粉专用马铃薯的育种现状,马铃薯淀粉产量构成及遗传特性,马铃薯淀粉合成主要相关酶及其基因表达,各种育种途径、方法在高淀粉加工专用马铃薯选育中的应用及研究进展等方面的内容,为马铃薯高淀粉加工专用新品种的选育提供参考。     

高香优质绿茶杂交新品种‘云茶春毫’选育研究

‘云茶春毫’是从‘福鼎大白茶’(♀)ב长叶白毫’(♂)杂交组合F1中单株选育出来的新品种。1992—2010年品比、区试鉴定结果表明：‘云茶春毫’品比产量比对照‘云抗10号’高39.6%,比‘福鼎大白茶’高29.6%,区试产量高于‘云抗10号’2.5%（保山点）及10.1%（澜沧点）。制绿茶具花香显露、滋味鲜爽、叶底绿较亮等品质特点,绿茶品质总分为91.13分,超过对照‘福鼎大白茶’（90.75分）和‘云抗10号’（88.85分）。1芽2叶蒸青样含茶多酚28.0%,氨基酸2.7%,酚氨比值10.4,酚氨比值低于对照‘福鼎大白茶’(10.6)和‘云抗10号’(17.3)。抗旱、抗茶饼病能力超过‘云抗10号’,扦插繁殖和移栽成活率高于对照品种,适应能力强,在云南大叶茶种茶区推广种植良好。‘云茶春毫’品种于2010年10月12日通过省内有关专家鉴评为高香、优质、丰产绿茶杂交新品种,在2013年4月通过云南省农作物委员会品种登记,登记名称为‘云茶春毫’,登记编号为滇登记茶树2012002号。     

水稻耐盐基因遗传及耐盐育种研究

水稻是一种对盐浓度中度敏感的作物,耐盐性状是受多基因控制的数量性状,易受环境条件等影响,目前定位的耐盐QTL主要为苗期耐盐相关的,其中以第1、2、6和7染色体上居多.耐盐品种的选育方法主要为系统选育法,将杂交选育和胁迫组织培养、转基因等生物技术相结合,选育耐盐性强且品质优良的品种.本文阐述了国内外开展的关于水稻耐盐基因遗传及耐盐育种研究动态,并对今后耐盐育种的工作提出了展望.