奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖主要血清型的鉴定

为了解内蒙古地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖的主要血清型,试验从内蒙古地区9个牧场共采集236份奶牛乳房炎患牛的奶样,采用常规微生物方法、生物化学反应方法、动物试验和PCR方法对金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖的血清型进行鉴定。结果表明:经常规微生物学检验分离得到162株葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)124株、表皮葡萄球菌(S.epidermidis)29株、腐生葡萄球菌(S.saparophytics)9株。动物试验得到116株致病性S.aureus。PCR方法鉴定出荚膜多糖5型S.aureus23株,占致病性S.aureus的19.83%;荚膜多糖8型S.aureus61株,占致病性S.aureus的52.59%;荚膜多糖5型和8型S.aureus占致病性S.aureus的72.41%。说明5型和8型S.aureus是内蒙古地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖的主要血清型。     

牛病毒性腹泻病病毒NS3表位串联蛋白表达及抗体间接ELISA方法的建立

为建立一种有效的牛病毒性腹泻病病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)抗体检测方法,作者将BVDVNS3蛋白2个抗原表位的编码核酸序列进行串联,构建重组表达载体pET-30a-EXnN,并在原核表达系统中表达了重组蛋白。选取包含12个表位肽的重组蛋白(r-BVDV-EX6N)作为包被抗原建立NS3蛋白抗体间接ELISA方法。该方法的特异性和稳定性良好,与2种商品化试剂盒的符合率分别为96.05%和78.95%。试验结果表明建立的ELISA方法可用于BVDV NS3蛋白抗体的检测。     

Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2 isolated from cattle in India

Previous studies have shown that bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) subtype b is predominantly circulating in Indian cattle. During testing for exotic pestiviruses between 2007 and 2010, BVDV-2 was identified by real time RT-PCR in two of 1446 cattle blood samples originating from thirteen states of India. The genetic analysis of the isolated virus in 5′ UTR, N^pro, entire structural genes (C, E^rns, E1 and E2), nonstructural genes NS2-3 besides 3′ UTR demonstrated that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed highest similarity with BVDV-2. The entire 5′ and 3′ UTR consisted of 387 and 204 nucleotides, respectively, and an eight nucleotide repeat motif was found twice within the variable part of 3′ UTR that may be considered as a characteristic of BVDV-2. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cattle isolate and earlier reported goat BVDV-2 isolate fall into separate clades within BVDV-2a subtype. Antigenic typing with monoclonal antibodies verified the cattle isolate also as BVDV-2. In addition, cross-neutralization tests using antisera raised against Indian BVDV strains circulating in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat and yak) displayed significant antigenic differences only between BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 strains. This is the first identification of BVDV-2 in Indian cattle that may have important implications for immunization strategies and molecular epidemiology of BVD.     

Efficacy of an inactivated,recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) vaccine

Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is the causative agent of bovine herpetic encephalitis. In countries where BoHV-5 is prevalent, attempts to vaccinate cattle to prevent clinical signs from BoHV-5-induced disease have relied essentially on vaccination with BoHV-1 vaccines. However, such practice has been shown not to confer full protection to BoHV-5 challenge. In the present study, an inactivated, oil adjuvanted vaccine prepared with a recombinant BoHV-5 from which the genes coding for glycoprotein I (gI), glycoprotein E (gE) and membrane protein US9 were deleted (BoHV-5 gI/gE/US9⁻), was evaluated in cattle in a vaccination/challenge experiment. The vaccine was prepared from a virus suspension containing a pre-inactivation antigenic mass equivalent to 10^7.69 TCID₅₀/dose. Three mL of the inactivated vaccine were administered subcutaneously to eight calves serologically negative for BoHV-5 (vaccinated group). Four other calves were mock-vaccinated with an equivalent preparation without viral antigens (control group). Both groups were boostered 28 days later. Neither clinical signs of disease nor adverse effects were observed during or after vaccination. A specific serological response, revealed by the development of neutralizing antibodies, was detected in all vaccinated animals after the first dose of vaccine, whereas control animals remained seronegative. Calves were subsequently challenged on day 77 post-vaccination (pv) with 10^9.25 TCID₅₀ of the wild-type BoHV-5 (parental strain EVI 88/95). After challenge, vaccinated cattle displayed mild signs of respiratory disease, whereas the control group developed respiratory disease and severe encephalitis, which led to culling of 2/4 calves. Searches for viral DNA in the central nervous system (CNS) of vaccinated calves indicated that wild-type BoHV-5 did not replicate, whereas in CNS tissues of calves on the control group, viral DNA was widely distributed. BoHV-5 shedding in nasal secretions was significantly lower in vaccinated calves than in the control group on days 2, 3, 4 and 6 post-challenge (pc). In addition, the duration of virus shedding was significantly shorter in the vaccinated (7 days) than in controls (12 days). Attempts to reactivate latent infection by administration of dexamethasone at 147 days pv led to recrudescence of mild signs of respiratory disease in both vaccinated and control groups. Infectious virus shedding in nasal secretions was detected at reactivation and was significantly lower in vaccinated cattle than in controls on days 11–13 post-reactivation (pr). It is concluded that the inactivated vaccine prepared with the BoHV-5 gI/gE/US9⁻ recombinant was capable of conferring protection to encephalitis when vaccinated cattle were challenged with a large infectious dose of the parental wild type BoHV-5. However, it did not avoid the establishment of latency nor impeded dexamethasone-induced reactivation of the virus, despite a significant reduction in virus shedding after challenge and at reactivation on vaccinated calves.     

Antibody responses to inactivated vaccines and natural infection in cattle using bovine viral diarrhoea virus ELISA kits: Assessment of potential to differentiate infected and vaccinated animals

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is one of the most common and economically important viral infections of cattle. As vaccination is common in most European countries, differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals is one of the key challenges facing BVDV eradication campaigns. This study was designed to compare the ability of commercial ELISA kits to differentiate antibodies generated following vaccination with four different commercial inactivated BVDV vaccines from antibodies generated following challenge with virulent BVDV. Although none of the tested vaccine–ELISA combinations was able to differentiate an infected from a vaccinated animal (DIVA) at the individual animal level, p80 blocking ELISAs, in combination with inactivated BVDV vaccines, may have some value under certain circumstances at herd level. In most cases, antibody responses to BVDV vaccines cannot be clearly distinguished from responses seen in the early phase of natural infection. No commercial BVD vaccine showed true marker qualities for DIVA using p80 blocking ELISAs.     

植物血凝素对小白鼠免疫功能的影响

[目的]探究植物血凝素对小白鼠免疫功能的影响。[方法]以小白鼠为试验动物,试验设试验组和对照组,各试验组腹腔注射不同剂量的植物血凝素,对照组腹腔注射生理盐水,连续注射15 d处死并测定免疫器官指数、巨噬细胞吞噬指数、血清中抗体水平、E玫瑰花环形成率4项指标。[结果]结果表明:试验各组与对照组比较,免疫器官指数无显著差异(P>0.05);巨噬细胞吞噬指数、血清中抗体水平、E玫瑰花环形成率3项指标均有显著差异(P<0.05)。[结论]植物血凝素的中剂量组(120μg)可显著提高小白鼠的体液免疫功能和细胞免疫功能。