Goat milk acceptance and promotion methods in Japan: The questionnaire survey to middle class households

A consumer questionnaire conducted with the purpose of ascertaining the acceptability of goat milk and related products in Japan was carried out on 345 guarantees of Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University in December 2006. 275 effective responses (79%) representing middle class urban households were returned. The results revealed that (1) 30% of respondents have experienced drinking goat milk and only 10% are aware of the current retail situation of goat milk and related products; (2) over 70% of goat milk drinkers raised goats by hand at some point in their past and their first experience drinking goat milk was in infancy; (3) those with experience in drinking goat milk expressed a vague evaluation and minimal understanding of drinking goat milk; (4) respondents who were inexperienced goat milk drinkers expressed a strong desire to taste and a weak desire to purchase goat milk; (5) respondents expressed low recognition regarding retailed goat milk products, but those who had already purchased goat milk products expressed a high evaluation and strong desire to purchase these products again; and (6) recognition of goat milk characteristics is low, but those with high recognition also rate goat milk highly. Goats are perceived as being 'mild and familiar.' It is necessary for those who manage goat husbandry to present goat milk and related product tasting opportunities to consumers. The key point is to make the functional differences between cow and goat milk clear and present the advantages of goat milk at the fore of this promotion. Goat milk should not be promoted merely as a drink that is similar to cow milk, but must be positioned as a functional drink or health food in order to expand the Japanese goat milk market.     

云南肉山羊黑色品系内不同家系遗传多样性分析

应用QIAxcel全自动遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,对云南肉山羊黑色品系5只公羊134只后代的基因组DNA进行了11个微卫星位点多态性分析,以期为这一品系的选育提高和合理选配提供科学依据。结果表明,在11个微卫星位点共检测到101个等位基因,片段大小在115～249 bp之间,全群平均期望杂合度和平均多态信息含量均在0.5以上,表明云南肉山羊黑色品系遗传多样性丰富。对5只公羊UPGMA聚类分析表明:5只公羊间遗传一致度较高,说明云南肉山羊黑色品系具备了相对统一的遗传基础;系统聚类图直观地显示出公羊N7379和N7373存在较近的亲缘关系,被聚为一支,而公羊N5043、N7303、N5049间也存在较近的亲缘关系,被聚为另一支,分属于不同分支的公羊间亲缘关系相对较远。     

牛腿山羊对炎热气候的适应性的研究

牛腿山羊为个体大，肉用性能好的山地品种，研究牛腿山羊对炎热气候的适应性，目的在于为同类地区引起该品种提供依据，本试验于１９９５年７月２８日至８月１日在新乡县朝阳种羊场进行，随机选取健康，空怀，经产的成年牛腿山羊和本地槐山羊各１２只，采集血样，实验室内测定Ｔ４和Ｋ＾＋含量，选其中各６只，连续３日测定６：００－７：００时和１５：００－１６：００时的毛丛温度，直肠温度，呼吸率和心率，并且同时测定羊舍内白     

山羊胚胎脊髓胶状质的形成和发育

对山羊胚胎脊髓胶状质发育的形态学变化了系统研究，结果表明：（1）山羊脊髓胶状质在胚胎第17周以后逐渐较多的神经元胞体和较大的淡染的神经元细胞核，提示胚胎第17周龄是山羊脊髓胶状质神经元发育的关键时期；（2）山羊脊髓胶状质内神经纤维在胚胎第11周时就已出现，而在髓神经纤维的髓鞘则在胚胎第15周时形成，以后逐渐发育成熟；（3）山羊脊髓胶状质的胶质细胞发育较早，在胚胎第6周末胶状质的胶质细胞发育较早，在胚胎第6周末胶状质原基刚形成时，胶质细胞核已经开始分化，到胚胎第18－19周时，胶质细胞又出现一个增殖高峰。     

波尔山羊杂交优势利用与南方灌丛草地开发

波尔山羊是目前世界上最优良的肉用山羊品种之一,国外研究及笔者在国内的试验表明,波尔山羊对本地低产山羊的杂交改良效果十分显著,因而可利用其杂交优势发展高效肉羊生产,高效肉用山羊生产系统的建立,对我国南方丰富的天然灌丛草地资源的开发利用具有交大的潜在价值,可为南方草地畜牧业提供新的发展途径,     

一个山羊Ⅰ型毛角蛋白基因的序列及其在皮肤中的表达

角蛋白家族包含表皮软角蛋白和毛发硬角蛋白，可以分为酸性Ⅰ型和碱性或中性的Ⅱ型角蛋白亚家族。从构建的成年山羊皮肤cDNA文库和ESTs分析中发现了和与绵羊羊毛角蛋白8C1和人Ⅰ型毛发角蛋白相应cDNA序列高度同源的序列，经序列分析证明是一个山羊毛发特异性角蛋白，命名为山羊Ⅰ型毛角蛋白1（gHa1），Gen Bank序列号为AY510110．1。推导的读码框ORF由413氨基酸组成，与绵羊8C1角蛋白的序列一致性为97．8％。原位杂交显示它在皮肤初级和次级毛囊的皮质层有强烈的表达。     

Effect of a single injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on testicular blood flow measured by color doppler ultrasonography in male Shiba goats

Although color Doppler ultrasonography has been used to evaluate testicular blood flow in many species, very little has been done in goat. Eight male Shiba goats were exposed to a single intramuscular injection of either gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH group; 1 µg/kg BW) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG group; 25 IU/kg BW). Plasma testosterone (T), estradiol (E2) and inhibin (INH) were measured just before (0 hr) and at different intervals post injection by radioimmunoassay. Testis volume (TV) and Doppler indices, such as resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the supratesticular artery, were measured by B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography, respectively. The results indicated an increase in testicular blood flow in both groups, as RI and PI decreased significantly (P<0.05), but this increase was significant higher and earlier in hCG group (1 hr) than in the GnRH group (2 hr). A high correlation was found for RI and PI with both T (RI, r= −0.862; PI, r= −0.707) and INH in the GnRH group (RI, r=0.661; PI, r=0.701). However, a significant (P<0.05) correlation was found between E2 and both RI (r= −0.610) and PI (r= −0.763) in hCG group. In addition, TV significantly increased and was highly correlated with RI in both groups (GnRH, r= −0.718; hCG, r= −0.779). In conclusion, hCG and GnRH may improve testicular blood flow and TV in Shiba goats.     

广西山羊蓝舌病血清学调查及流行区域分布的影响因素分析

为了解广西地区山羊蓝舌病(BT)流行现状,本研究采用免疫扩散试验对采自广西11个地区的3 646份山羊血清进行BT血清学调查,结果表明,广西地区山羊群普遍存在BT感染,并且血清阳性率存在地域性差异,阳性率为6.3%～45.1%,平均阳性率为20.5%。对不同生长阶段山羊的血清阳性率进行统计,结果显示成年羊的阳性率高于羔羊,分别为22.1%和17.4%,这可能与成年羊接触媒介昆虫的机会较多有关。对BT流行区域分布与地理位置和气候等自然因素之间的相关性分析表明,广西山羊BT血清阳性率与地理位置有一定相关性,与年平均气温显著相关,与年平均降雨量无显著相关性,由此可见,地理位置和气温是BT流行病学的影响因素。     

中国部分山羊品种线粒体DNA D-loop序列遗传多样性分析

分析了中国部分本地山羊品种(18个品种200个体)以及在中国饲养的引入品种(4个品种25个体)线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的全序列,结合已报道的世界其它地方的山羊(15个品种77个体)以及2只野山羊的线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)全序列共304个体,研究结果表明:山羊线粒体DNA控制区约为1 212 bp,检测到228个变异位点,203种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.993±0.001;核苷酸多样度0.018±0.001。中国部分山羊的变异类型主要为类型A和B,而在巴基斯坦山羊中还检测到类型C和D。比较分析结果表明中国山羊遗传多样性和基因交流比中国黄牛品种要高。     

Changes in nutrient balance,methane emissions,physiologic biomarkers,and production performance in goats fed different forage-to-concentrate ratios during lactation

The objective was to determine the effect forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio and stage of lactation on methane emissions, digestibility, nutrient balance, lactation performance, and metabolic responses in lactating goats. Twenty Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were used in an experiment divided into 3 periods: early (30 d), mid (100 d), and late (170 d) lactation. All goats were fed a diet with 35:65 F:C (FCL) during early-lactation. Then, 1 group (n = 10 goats) remained on FCL through mid- and late-lactation while the other group (n = 10 goats) was fed a diet with 50:50 F:C at mid-lactation (FCM) and 65:35 (FCH) at late lactation. A greater proportion of concentrate in the diet was associated with greater overall intake and digestibility (P < 0.05). Energy balance was negative in early-lactation (−77 kJ/kg of BW^0.75, on average) and positive for FCL at mid- and late-lactation (13 and 35 kJ/kg of BW^0.75, respectively). Goats fed FCM and FCH maintained negative energy balance throughout lactation. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids at mid-lactation were greater for FCM than FCL (680 mEq/L), and at late-lactation concentrations were greater for FCH and FCL (856 mEq/L). A similar response was detected for plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Methane emission was greater (P < 0.05) for FCM than FCH (1.7 g CH₄/d). This study demonstrated that differences in F:C across stages of lactation lead to distinct metabolic responses at the level of the rumen and tissues.