Temperature and substrate controls on microbial phospholipid fatty acid composition during incubation of grassland soils contrasting in organic matter quality

Soil incubations are often used to investigate soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and its response to increased temperature, but changes in the activity and community composition of the decomposers have rarely been included. As part of an integrated investigation into the responses of SOM components in laboratory incubations at elevated temperatures, fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were measured in two grassland soils contrasting in SOM quality (i.e. SOM composition), and changes in the microbial biomass and community composition were monitored. Whilst easily-degradable SOM and necromass released from soil preparation may have fuelled microbial activity at the start of the incubation, the overall activity and biomass of soil microorganisms were relatively constant during the subsequent one-year soil incubation, as indicated by the abundance of soil PLFAs, microbial respiration rate (r), and metabolic quotient (qCO₂). PLFAs relating to fungi and Gram-negative bacteria declined relative to Gram-positive bacteria in soils incubated at higher temperatures, presumably due to their vulnerability to disturbance and substrate constraints induced by faster exhaustion of available nutrient sources at higher temperatures. A linear correlation was found between incubation temperatures and the microbial stress ratios of cyclopropane PLFA-to-monoenoic precursor (cy17:0/16:1ω7c and cy19:0/18:1ω7c) and monoenoic-to-saturated PLFAs (mono/sat), as a combined effect of temperature and temperature-induced substrate constraints. The microbial PLFA decay patterns and ratios suggest that SOM quality intimately controls microbial responses to global warming.     

Analyses of factors affecting dry matter intake of lactating dairy cows

An experiment was conducted to analyze feed, climate and animal factors affecting dry matter intake (DMI) in lactating dairy cows. Sixteen lactating Holstein cows, with parity from 1 to 6, were assigned to a feeding trial for 2 years, comprising 31 lactations. The animals were fed Italian ryegrass silage, oat hay, alfalfa hay, beet pulp and three types of concentrate. The data, pooled and classified by stage of lactation, season of lactation and parity were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression to determine the nature and extent of factors affecting DMI. A total of 45 prediction equations for DMI were derived. Energy‐corrected milk yield or milk yield was selected as the primary factor of DMI in all the equations in which the ratio of contribution (R²) varied from 0.26 to 0.67. The dietary concentration of organic cell wall, crude fiber, crude protein, organic b fraction, forage to concentrate ratio, average ambient temperature and temperature–humidity index were selected as the secondary factors affecting DMI for pooled data, late lactation (251–350 days of lactation), summer (June–August), spring (March–May), ≥4th lactation, autumn (September–November) and 3rd lactation, respectively, and improved R² up to 0.77. Except for an impact of bodyweight in several equations, feed and climatic factors significantly improved prediction equations effectively for data classified in different ways. To estimate DMI accurately in lactating dairy cows, feed and climatic factors should be considered for specific conditions.     

上海地区引种栽培的鼠尾草精油的季节性变化

对上海地区引种栽培的一年生和三年生的鼠尾草植物不同季节（夏季-8月,秋季-10月,冬季-1月,春季-4月）的叶子,用水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,并且用GC和GC/MS方法进行分析.结果表明一年生和三年生鼠尾草精油成分和含量在不同的季节有很大的变化,精油的主要成分是侧柏酮（29.53%～49.70%）,其次是樟脑（11.70%～22.72%）,1,8桉叶油素（3.39%～12.08%）,绿花白千层醇（4.09%～11.49%）,蒎烯（0.95%～11.19%）,β石竹烯（2.76%～10.58%）,龙脑（1.79%～9.86%）和β芹子烯（2.94%～7. 39%）.一年生和三年生鼠尾草精油含有率在整个生长季节中八月达最高,三年生鼠尾草精油含量要高于一年生鼠尾草.     

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)四月龄幼鱼雌雄性比及体重差异分析

利用解剖观察和石蜡组织切片法,对37个家系共计4022尾4月龄的大菱鲆幼鱼群体进行雌雄性别的鉴别和统计分析。发现其中雌性1596尾、雄性2426尾,雌雄性比为1:1.52,极显著偏离1:1的理论值(P<0.01)。在家系水平上,37个家系中有19个家系的雌雄性别比例显著偏离1:1 (P<0.05),其余18个家系雌雄性别比例偏离1:1,但不显著(P>0.05),但其中13个家系中雄性个体比例偏高。研究显示,在群体水平上,人工养殖条件下的4月龄大菱鲆已经出现雌雄性比偏离现象。从37个家系中随机选取20个家系(2254尾幼鱼)测量个体体重,利用SPSS 17.0软件进行数据分析。结果显示,4月龄大菱鲆雌雄个体体重无论在群体还是家系水平都表现为差异不显著。此分析结果表明,在大菱鲆选育过程中,在4月龄时进行的以体重为选育指标的选择不会对选育群体的性比偏离造成显著影响。本研究结果为大菱鲆性比偏离机制研究及良种选育工作提供了参考。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus) 4个地理群体体色差异分析

对鸭绿江口、莱州湾、海州湾、舟山4个野生群体的三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)头胸甲颜色进行观察及大螯斑点、头胸甲斑点、游泳足斑点数量统计,采用单因子方差分析和判别分析法对其进行比较。结果显示,4个地理群体头胸甲颜色存在显著差异,斑点数量存在显著或极显著差异;对样本所属群体进行判别分析,4个群体雌蟹的综合判别率为53.3%,其中海州湾最高,为83.3%;莱州湾最低,为30.0%;说明根据斑点数量不能精确完成个体群体归属判定。建立4个群体各自的判别函数公式,通过对同样环境下养殖的4个群体子代进行单因素方差分析,发现子代间差异减少;而家系结果显示,子代头胸甲颜色和亲本差异较大,斑点为中间型。综合以上数据初步判定,三疣梭子蟹体色受环境和遗传共同作用,且环境因素为主导因素。     

饥饿与再投喂对方斑东风螺生长、基本营养成分及RNA/DNA比值的影响

在(25.8±1.7)℃条件下,测定了方斑东风螺(5.25±0.53)g在不同时间(7、15、25和40d)饥饿处理后再投饵30d过程中的生长参数、基本营养成分及组织RNA/DNA比值的变化。饥饿状态下,螺体水分含量逐渐上升,第15天时显著高于对照组;脂肪与糖原含量均下降,并分别于饥饿15d、25d时显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而蛋白质含量在不同处理组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);足肌与肝胰脏中RNA/DNA比值均随饥饿时间延长而逐渐降低。恢复生长后,除饥饿40d组含水量显著高于对照组外(P<0.05),该组其余营养成分及其它各组相应指标均恢复至或接近对照组;RNA/DNA比值除在饥饿40d组肝胰脏中仍较低外均接近或显著高于对照组。各组幼螺摄食率(FR)均高于或显著高于对照组(P<0.05),体重增量、食物转化率(FCE)在前3处理组及特殊生长率(SGR)在饥饿7d与25d组均与对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05),而饥饿15d组的SGR显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饥饿40d组尽管FR显著提高,但体重增量、FCE及SGR均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,方斑东风螺幼螺饥饿时主要消耗脂肪与糖原...     

黄海海州湾小黄鱼幼鱼的食性及其随体长的变化

根据2008年7月和8月在黄海海州湾海域进行的定点底拖网调查,应用K-W非参数秩检验、卡平方检验和聚类分析等方法,对小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)幼鱼(体长20～110mm)的食物组成及其与体长之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,小黄鱼幼鱼摄食的饵料种类有30余种,甲壳类(桡足类、糠虾类和虾类)是主要的饵料类群,在食物中所占的个数百分比为99.50%。优势饵料有真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)、长额刺糠虾(Acanthomysis longirostris)和细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)。小黄鱼幼鱼的摄食强度和食物组成随体长的增长都有明显的变化,随着体长的增加,食物中虾类和鱼类的比例有所增加,而桡足类和糠虾类的比例则减少。饵料生境宽度在体长大于80mm后有明显的增加。聚类分析的结果表明,小黄鱼幼鱼在体长达到80mm时,出现了明显的食物转换现象。可以认为,小黄鱼幼鱼食性的转变与其体长密切相关。     

折叠式渔笼作业渔获种类组成

2009年2-12月(伏季休渔期间除外)在笼捕作业渔船上采用收集渔捞日志和随机取样的方法对折叠式渔笼渔获物进行分析。共收集渔捞日志65份,抽样分析了折叠式渔笼渔获9批。对该渔获进行种类鉴定和组成分析,共分析标本重量50.15kg。结果表明:渔获物中共出现48个种,其中鱼类25种、蟹类15种、头足类3种、螺类2种、虾类2种、虾姑类1种;按重量比例为蟹类占51.27%、鱼类占41.21%、头足类占5.96%、螺类占0.92%、虾蛄类占0.57%、虾类占0.08%。     

Effects of processing on physical characteristics of diets with distinct levels of carbohydrates and lipids: the outcomes on the growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

The use efficiency and feed conversion of extruded and pelletized diets were compared. Eight isoproteic diets (220 g kg⁻¹ digestible protein) were assayed for 90 days in a 2 × 2 × 2 multifactorial design with two carbohydrate levels (400 and 500 g kg⁻¹), two lipids levels (40 and 80 g kg⁻¹) and two diet processing (pelletization and extrusion) with three repetitions. The growth of Piaractus mesopotamicus fed with these diets and the quality control indices of diets were gauged. The density of extruded diets was lower as carbohydrate level was 400 g kg⁻¹ and lipid 40 g kg⁻¹. The interaction carbohydrate and diet processing presented higher leaching value for low carbohydrate level in extruded diet. Fish fed with extruded diets presented the best feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio. When high levels of carbohydrate and lipid are combined, the weight gain is impaired. The interaction between diet processing diet and lipid levels resulted in the best fish performance when pelletized diets with 40 g kg⁻¹ lipid or extruded diets with 80 g kg⁻¹ lipid were considered. The protein efficiency ratio increased with the increment of carbohydrates in the pelletized diets. The fish show low tolerance to lipids and a preference for carbohydrate when the lipid productive values are taken into account.     

Marine and freshwater crab meals in diets for red porgy (Pagrus pagrus): effect on growth,fish composition and skin colour

River crab (RC) meal (Procambarus clarkii) and marine crab (MC) meal (Chaceon affinis) were tested as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for red porgy (Pagrus pagrus), and their effects on growth performance, fish proximate composition and skin colouration were evaluated. Red porgy were fed during 165 days with five diets. High‐quality fish meal diet was used as a control diet (CD). Protein of fish meal in the control was replaced by increasing the dietary levels of protein derived from RC and MC by up to 10% and 20% of each of them (RC10, RC20, MC10 and MC20). Fish fed on MC20 showed the highest values in feed intake, weight gain and growth (%). No differences were found in FCR and protein efficiency ratio among the treatments. Inclusion of both crab meals in diets significantly decreased the lipid content in whole fish compared with the control animals. On the other hand, no differences in muscle composition were found between the diets. Feeding both crab meals resulted in colour improvement compared with that of the control fish, with better hue values for the RC meal group than those for the MC meal group. The crab meals tested in the present study are suitable as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for the red porgy, with the MC meal improving growth and both crabs meals improving skin colour, with further improvements in skin colour produced in fish‐fed diets containing the RC meal.