土壤水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演模型及验证

土壤水溶性盐基离子是诊断土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的重要依据,利用光谱技术快速获取土壤水溶性盐基离子含量数据,可为土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的诊断提供新的技术和手段。该研究通过采集新疆5个不同地区399个土样的反射率与水溶性盐基离子数据并进行31种光谱预处理方法,分析了不同水溶性盐基离子(HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)与高光谱反射率之间的相关性;采用K-S(Kennard-Stone)方法挑选出299个样品,针对每种离子使用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分别建立32个高光谱定量反演模型,优选最佳反演模型,并单独使用100个样品对估测模型进行检验。结果表明:不同离子的最佳反演模型所使用的预处理方法存在差异,其中仅有Cl-和Ca2+、SO42-和Mg2+所使用的预处理方法相同,其他离子则不同;不同离子的反演精度也不同,HCO3-和Ca2+构建的模型相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)分别为2.67、2.57,模型具有很好的预测能力。Cl-、SO42-和Mg2+所构建的模型RPD分别为2.05、2.10和2.14,表明这三者建立的模型具有较好的预测能力。K+建立的模型RPD仅为1.11,不能对样品进行预测。Na+构建的模型RPD为1.83,表明该离子所建模型只能对样品进行粗略估测。研究结果为探究水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演增添了新的内容,为土壤盐渍化监测的深入和推进提供了新的思路和方法。     

不同含水量天然硫酸盐盐渍土中二氧化碳和氧化亚氮的排放

Soil salinization may negatively affect microbial processes related to carbon dioxide(CO_2) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions. A short-term laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil electrical conductivity(EC) and moisture content on CO_2 and N_2O emissions from sulfate-based natural saline soils. Three separate 100-m long transects were established along the salinity gradient on a salt-affected agricultural field at Mooreton, North Dakota, USA. Surface soils were collected from four equally spaced sampling positions within each transect, at the depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm. In the laboratory, artificial soil cores were formed combining soils from both the depths in each transect, and incubated at 60% and 90% water-filled pore space(WFPS) at 25?C. The measured depth-weighted EC of the saturated paste extract(EC_e) across the sampling positions ranged from 0.43 to 4.65 dS m~(-1). Potential nitrogen(N) mineralization rate and CO_2 emissions decreased with increasing soil EC_e, but the relative decline in soil CO_2 emissions with increasing ECe was smaller at 60% WFPS than at 90% WFPS. At 60% WFPS, soil N_2O emissions decreased from 133 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e 0.50 dS m~(-1) to 72 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e = 4.65 dS m~(-1). In contrast, at 90% WFPS,soil N_2O emissions increased from 262 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e = 0.81 dS m~(-1) to 849 μg N_2O-N kg~(-1) soil at EC_e = 4.65 dS m~(-1), suggesting that N_2O emissions were linked to both soil ECe and moisture content. Therefore, spatial variability in soil EC_e and pattern of rainfall over the season need to be considered when up-scaling N_2O and CO_2 emissions from field to landscape scales.     

漫灌淋洗暗管排水协同改良滨海盐土水盐时空变化特征

为揭示暗管排水下漫灌淋洗土壤水盐运移规律,改进灌排工程技术,提高灌排改良效果,该文应用Vedernikov入渗方程和Van der Molen淋洗脱盐方程,对滨海盐土灌排改良过程土壤水分入渗、淋洗水量分配、盐分时空变化特征等进行了模拟研究。结果表明,间距分别为3、6、9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~1.5、0~3、0~4.5 m)田面漫灌稳定入渗强度分别在3.14~4.26、1.19~3.68和0.58~3.55 cm/d之间,排水暗管间距越大的田面土壤入渗强度空间变化也越大。暗管排水下田面漫灌入渗强度的空间变化导致淋洗水量空间分配不均,距暗管越近的区域分配的淋洗水量越多,也导致了土壤淋洗脱盐空间差异明显。漫灌淋洗20 d,间距9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~4.5 m)仅靠近暗管0~0.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的13.3%;漫灌淋洗40 d,仅靠近暗管0~1.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的35.5%;为了使暗管排水控制区域0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量都下降到3.00 g/kg以下,需要漫灌淋洗100 d。完全一致地漫灌淋洗整个区域将导致暗管附近区域土壤过度淋洗,浪费水资源;而距暗管较远区域土壤淋洗不充分,降低淋洗效率。     

Dynamic evolution of badlands in the Roglio basin (Tuscany,Italy)

The Roglio basin, in the relatively arid Central Tuscany (Italy), is characterised by the presence of 191 badlands that have developed on Pliocene fine-grained blue clays. A morphometric analysis on the badlands has highlighted that these landforms formation and distribution are primarily related to the steepness of the hill flanks, which favour runoff and gravitational processes, along with favourable aspects, typically the southern ones that experience a stronger solar-induced daily thermal variation. A detailed physico–chemical analysis of the clayey material involved has also been carried out, with the specific aim of testing whether this plays a role in the various stages of activity shown by the Roglio basin badlands. The results indicate that there are no significant differences in the physico–chemical properties of an active vs. an inactive/dormant badland. Observation and field data, however, indicate that the dynamic of the Roglio basin badlands is strongly controlled by the occurrence of earth flows and the velocity of sediment removal at the bottom of the badlands. These two processes, variously combined at different intensity in relationship to many local factors, are likely to be the main responsible for the different stages of activity shown by the Roglio basin badlands.     

苏北典型滩涂区土壤盐分动态与水平衡要素之间的关系

为获知苏北滩涂区土壤水盐动态行为,从而为后续的节水灌溉和滩涂区农田水管理策略提供理论依据,该文选取典型滩涂区,进行土壤水、盐和地下水埋深的长期连续监测,并根据大丰市气象站提供的降水、地表蒸散数据,对土壤盐分变化和水平衡要素之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明：土壤表层盐分最高,波动最为剧烈,随深度不断增加,盐分逐渐降低,且波动趋缓。试验区夏季降水丰富,蒸散量相对较低,土壤含水率高,地下水埋深浅;冬季降水少,蒸散量较高,土壤含水率下降,地下水埋深较深。地下水埋深和水补充量是0～40 cm土层土壤盐分的主要影响因子;地下水埋深和蒸散量是60～80 cm土层土壤盐分的主要影响因子。地下水盐分是土壤盐分累积的主要来源,降水脱盐作用仅对0～40 cm表土作用显著,蒸发积盐作用则在整个土壤剖面上具有影响。该研究为消减苏北滩涂区土壤盐渍化灾害提供了科学依据,对指导农业生产具有重要意义。     

不同含盐土壤圆盘入渗特征试验

不同含盐土壤水分入渗特征是获得准确的土壤水力参数的基础。该文通过圆盘入渗试验,分析了4种土壤在5个（-1、-3、-6、-9和-12 cm）负水头下的入渗特征。结果表明,随着水头的减小,4种土壤的吸湿率线性减小,稳定入渗率和非饱和导水率呈不同程度减小。随土壤含盐量增加稳定入渗率和导水率呈增大规律。根据实测资料确定了不同负水头下非饱和导水率的Gardner指数模型参数,为盐渍化土壤水力参数的确定提供理论参考。     

Effectiveness of Fe3+-citrate and Fe3+-edta in ameliorating arsenic-toxicity (chlorosis) in hydroponic rice

Effectiveness of iron (Fe³⁺)-citrate and Fe³⁺-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in reducing arsenic (As)-toxicity in rice was evaluated. The treatments: 1) 0 µM As + 10 µM Fe³⁺-citrate (control), 2) 13.4 µM As + 10 µM Fe³⁺-citrate (As-treated), 3) 13.4 µM As + 10 µM Fe³⁺-citrate + 40 µM Fe³⁺-citrate (additional Fe³⁺-citrate), and 4) 13.4 µM As + 10 µM Fe³⁺-citrate + 40 µM Fe³⁺-EDTA (additional Fe³⁺-EDTA) were studied for 14 days. Chlorosis was found in the young leaves of the As-treated plants. Additional Fe³⁺-citrate failed to remediate the chlorosis, however, additional Fe³⁺-EDTA removed the chlorosis almost completely, indicating that the effectiveness of Fe³⁺-EDTA was much higher than Fe³⁺-citrate. The Fe³⁺-EDTA treated plants were greener than the additional Fe³⁺-citrate treated plants. Iron concentration in the shoots of additional Fe³⁺-EDTA plants was much higher than that of additional Fe³⁺-citrate plants, indicating that Fe³⁺-EDTA might have been more readily available to the plants roots than Fe³⁺-citrate.     

1株巨大口蘑的鉴定及培养基中无机盐优化

为筛选巨大口蘑菌丝生长的最优培养基,从采集自云南临沧的野生口蘑子实体中分离获得菌株YAASM4295,利用形态学与ITS序列分析的方法对其进行分类学鉴定;并以不同的无机盐为基础,通过单因素试验,各筛选出2种大量元素和微量元素,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,分析4种无机盐及其正交组合对该菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,采集到的菌株为巨大口蘑,供试无机盐对其菌丝生长在不同程度上均有促进作用,其中0.1 mg·m L~(-1)MgSO_4、0.1 mg·m L~(-1)K_2HPO_4、0.05 mg·L~(-1)CoCl_2、0.05 mg·L~(-1)Mn Cl_2对该菌生长与生长势的促进作用最大,且与其它处理相比达到了极显著水平。4种无机盐协同作用对该菌菌丝生长影响的大小依次为Mg SO4CoCl_2MnCl_2K2HPO4;最佳组合为0.2 mg·m L~(-1)Mg SO4+0.1 mg·m L~(-1)K_2HPO_4+0.01 mg·L~(-1)MnCl_2+0.01 mg·L~(-1)CoCl_2。综上,该野生巨大口蘑菌株在各无机盐培养基组合之间的菌丝生长速度差异极显著,不同组合间有明显的交互作用,这为其优质栽培提供了理论依据。     

天津滨海盐碱土灌排改良工程技术参数估算方法

为了控制盐碱土灌排改良质量、节约水土资源和降低改良成本,必须合理规划设计灌排改良工程技术参数。该文系统分析盐碱土灌溉冲洗与排水改良,把暗管排水条件下盐碱土冲洗改良水分运动视为二维稳定流,根据水盐运移特征,运用Vedernikov入渗方程、Van der Molen淋洗方程、水量平衡方程等推求盐碱土灌排工程改良暗管间距、淋洗定额等技术参数,提出了适应滨海新区自然环境的灌排改良工程技术参数估算方法,并通过算例进行了演算;计算值与当前滨海新区盐碱土灌排工程改良采用的经验数据比较接近。研究结果为天津滨海新区盐碱土生态治理规划提供了参考依据。     

Soil chemical and biochemical properties of a salt-marsh alluvial Spanish area after long-term reclamation

Marisma, one of the largest salt-marsh alluvial areas in SW Spain, has been reclaimed since 1970 by artificial drainage and amendment with phosphogypsum (PG) so as to reduce Na⁺ saturation. Within the reclaimed area, two 250- × 20-m plots were treated as follows: (1) amendment with 25 Mg/ha of PG every 2 to 3 years between 1979 and 2003 (plot PY); (2) like PY but PG treatment stopped after 1997 (plot DR). A contiguous virgin Marisma salt-marsh plot (MV), neither drained nor amended, was the control. In MV, soil microbial biomass C, most enzyme activities and total organic C content were much greater than in PY and DR soils, despite the salinity stress. The decrease in soil organic matter content in PY and DR soils was likely due to cotton-cropping practices, which favoured the organic C mineralisation and nutrients removal by crops. Microbial activity of MV soil, probably stimulated by the rhizodepositions of the natural vegetation, did not suffer from the osmotic effect due to the raising of soil solution ionic strength. Microbial quotient could be ranked as MV > PY > DR, whereas the metabolic quotient had an opposite trend. Thus, both quotients suggested that the interruption of PG amendment was not favouring microbial activity. Principal component analysis clearly identified the chemical and biochemical soil properties mostly affected by the reclamation and also indicated the longer PG amendment in PY plot. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified two physiologically different types of soil microflora, one less active present in the MV virgin soil and another more active present in the reclaimed PY and DR soils.