新疆地区荷斯坦牛乳中体细胞评分对产奶量与乳成分的影响

为了探究牛乳中体细胞评分（SCS）对日产奶量（DMY）和乳成分之间的关系,了解奶牛乳房的健康状况,本研究使用新疆昌吉地区规模化牛场共2 338头荷斯坦牛的33 290条DHI记录和生产性能数据,将DHI记录中的体细胞数（SCC）转化为SCS后分析SCS对DMY与乳成分的影响。运用SAS 9.2软件对产奶量和乳成分进行最小二乘方差分析及多重比较,并对SCS与产奶量和乳成分进行相关性分析,其固定效应主要包括SCS、场、年份、季节及胎次效应。结果表明：SCS、场效应、年份效应、季节效应和胎次效应均对DMY与乳成分有极显著影响（P<0.01）。随着SCS的增加,DMY和乳糖率（MLP）呈下降趋势,当SCS为0水平,且SCC为9×10³~17×10³个/mL时,DMY和MLP极显著高于其他SCS水平（P<0.01）;MFP和MPP呈上升趋势,当SCS为9水平,且SCC为4 529×10³~4 904×10³个/mL时,MFP和MPP最高。相关性分析结果显示,SCS与DMY、MLP呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;SCS与MFP、MPP呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。因此,通过分析SCS对产奶量和乳成分间的关系,可为规模化牧场奶牛日常管理提供科学依据,预防和降低患乳房炎的风险。     

Influence of calving difficulty on dry matter intake immediately after calving of dairy cows

We investigated the influence of calving difficulty on dry matter intake (DMI) in Holstein cows immediately after calving using 15 pregnant heifers and 15 multiparous cows. DMI was measured for 6 days after calving. Calving difficulty was evaluated with a calving score, and urinary cortisol was measured. The calving score was higher in the first lactation heifers than in the multiparous cows. The average DMI 6 days after calving was lower in the first lactation heifers than in the multiparous cows. The urinary cortisol concentration at 4 days after calving was higher in the first lactation heifers than in the multiparous cows and was positively associated with the calving score. The DMI was negatively associated with the calving score and the urinary cortisol concentration at 4 days after calving and was positively associated with the average milk yield 6 days after calving and the serum calcium concentration at 3 days after calving. We conclude that DMI immediately after calving is influenced not only by nutrient requirements of cows but also stress derived from calving, and the low DMI in the first lactation heifers is due to the lower energy requirement and high susceptibility to the stress compared with multiparous cows.     

Influence of femoral head and neck conformation on hip dysplasia in the German Shepherd dog.

We investigated the prevalence of an anatomic variant of the proximal femur, termed the broomstick-like femoral head and neck formation, and its influence on the Féderation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) hip dysplasia score in 294 German Shepherd dogs. One-hundred and eighty (61%) of the 294 dogs in our study had this anatomic variant. The calculated area of the femoral heads in dogs with a broomstick-like conformation was 4.5 +/- 0.6 cm2 on the hip-extended view. In dogs with a normal femoral head, the calculated area of the femoral head was significantly larger at 4.8 +/- 0.6 cm2 (P < 0.05). In the frog-leg view, there was no significant difference in femoral head area between dogs with the broomstick-like conformation and normal dogs. There was no difference in the antetorsion angle between dogs with broomstick-like conformation and normal dogs. There was also no difference in the distraction ratio between the two phenotypes. The official FCI hip score was similar in dogs with and without the broomstick-like conformation. The average heritability of the broomstick-like conformation was 0.3 +/- 0.1, suggesting heritable influence. We conclude that the broomstick-like conformation is a common finding in the German shepherd dog and has genetic base. The broomstick-like conformation does not appear to be associated with the presence of canine hip dysplasia and it can therefore be assumed to be a normal anatomic variant.     

北京地区中国荷斯坦牛性情遗传评估

旨在探究中国荷斯坦牛性情的影响因素,估计方差组分和遗传参数并揭示其遗传趋势。本试验收集北京地区2015-2017年13个奶牛场共9 016头健康泌乳牛的性情评分,采用logistic回归模型分析性情影响因素,利用DMU软件使用动物模型估计性情评分、直肠温度、日产奶量和繁殖性状(产犊到首次配种间隔、重复输精次数)的遗传力及其之间的遗传相关,并根据估计育种值分析其遗传趋势。结果显示,北京地区中国荷斯坦牛性情评分1分、 2分和3分比例分别为75.00%、19.25%和5.75%;胎次和场-评定人效应对性情评分有显著影响(P<0.05);性情评分估计遗传力为0.03,属于低遗传力性状,与重复输精次数为中度遗传相关(r=0.56),与产犊到首次配种间隔和直肠温度为中度负遗传相关(r=-0.30,r=-0.17),而与日产奶量为低度遗传相关(r=0.07);2001-2017年,北京地区中国荷斯坦牛性情遗传趋势总体上无明显变化。本研究是国内首次对奶牛性情进行遗传分析,为了解奶牛行为特征、实现平衡育种提供理论基础。     

Effects of Thigh and Rear Udder Hygiene on Daily Milk Yield and Somatic Cell Score

To investigate the importance of dairy cow hygiene for management, the objective of this research was to determine the relationship between hygiene scores and daily milk yield as well as somatic cell score(SCS), and also the relationship between thigh and rear udder hygiene scores.The hygiene scores of thigh and rear udder were collected from 472 lactating cows in 3 Holstein dairy farms in Henan province, and dairy herd improvement(DHI) data for July, 2014 was also collected.After correcting the influence of fixed effects including lactating stage and dairy-parity, the effects of thigh and rear udder hygiene scores on daily milk yield and SCS were analyzed using SAS 9.1 with general linear model(GLM) procedure.The results showed that thigh and rear udder hygiene scores had no significant effect on average daily milk yield and SCS(P>0.05).For average daily milk yield, the regression coefficients of thigh and rear udder hygiene scores were-0.14 and-0.02, respectively.This meaned if thigh and rear udder hygiene scores increased 1 score, average daily milk yield of each cow would decrease 0.14 and 0.02 kg, respectively.For SCS, when thigh hygiene score ≥ 4, the proportion of cows with SCS ≥ 5 increased extremely significantly(P<0.01);when rear udder hygiene score ≥ 3, the proportion of cow with SCS ≥ 5 tended to increase(P=0.0546).Significant test for correlation and correlation coefficient estimation results showed that, there was a extremely significantly positive correlation discovered between thigh and rear udder hygiene scores(P<0.01).Therefore, hygiene scores was not only a management indicator, also could help understand udder health condition, which was beneficial for management.     

Genetic parameters for milk fatty acids,milk yield and quality traits of a Holstein cattle population reared under tropical conditions

Information about genetic parameters is essential for selection decisions and genetic evaluation. These estimates are population specific; however, there are few studies with dairy cattle populations reared under tropical and sub‐tropical conditions. Thus, the aim was to obtain estimates of heritability and genetic correlations for milk yield and quality traits using pedigree and genomic information from a Holstein population maintained in a tropical environment. Phenotypic records (n = 36 457) of 4203 cows as well as the genotypes for 57 368 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 755 of these cows were used. Covariance components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method under a mixed animal model, considering a pedigree‐based relationship matrix or a combined pedigree‐genomic matrix. High heritabilities (around 0.30) were estimated for lactose and protein content in milk whereas moderate values (between 0.19 and 0.26) were obtained for percentages of fat, saturated fatty acids and palmitic acid in milk. Genetic correlations ranging from −0.38 to −0.13 were determined between milk yield and composition traits. The smaller estimates compared to other similar studies can be due to poor environmental conditions, which may reduce genetic variability. These results highlight the importance in using genetic parameters estimated in the population under evaluation for selection decisions.     

基于等级测评的系统安全保护能力量化评价方法

采用层次分析法构建保护能力的评价指标体系,并以此为基础层层汇总计算各措施层指标的合成权重,作为保护能力得分量化的基础。同时,还在现有等级测评的基础上,创新性提出从“正反”两个不同的角度来度量信息系统的安全状况,安全保护能力评价结合了正向的保护状况和反向的风险情况进行综合判定。     

种子酸化处理防治西瓜嫁接育苗细菌性果腐病研究

鉴于瓜类细菌性果腐病在广西发生并蔓延的现状,为了寻找研究有效的防治方法,于2003年11月至2005年8月,开展了以过氧乙酸和盐酸为试剂,连续对二倍体西瓜品种黑公子和三倍体无籽西瓜广西3号种子进行酸化处理的防治西瓜嫁接育苗细菌性果腐病研究。经过发芽和嫁接育苗多重试验．结果表明:盐酸酸化处理能够彻底预防西瓜嫁接育苗细菌性果腐病的发生,其最佳处理浓度为10％-15％,处理时间为1-2 h;过氧乙酸酸化处理也能有效预防细菌性果腐病的发生,处理后病株率一般在19％以下,但其防治效果与处理后的种子搓洗．特别是晾晒时种子能否快速干燥有很大关系．其最佳处理浓度为40-30倍．处理时间1-2 h。