The potential of informal institutions for marine fisheries management—A case study of a coastal commune in Vietnam

The potential of informal institutions for sustainable management of marine fisheries was examined. The study is based on both primary data collected through two group discussions and interviews and secondary information, including material related to fishing gear operation and whale worship. It shows that informal institutions, including fisher groups, fishing community norms, fisher's knowledge and whale worship have potential to strengthen institutional, ecological, social and community aspects of sustainable fisheries development. Although these informal institutions are not able to fix completely all the problems faced by formal institutions, they are able to complement and consolidate formal institutions to manage marine fisheries effectively. The findings of this study suggest it is imperative that formal institutions should be improved simultaneously with informal institutions to enhance current management for sustainable marine fisheries development.     

长江天鹅洲故道鱼类群落结构特征及其年际变化

根据2010-2011年和2015-2016年对长江天鹅洲故道鱼类资源的调查,分析了长江天鹅洲故道鱼类种类组成、优势种和物种多样性的变化,着重了解长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)潜在饵料鱼资源-小型鱼类的情况。结果表明,2次调查共采集到鱼类51种,隶属于6目12科41属,其中2010-2011年采集鱼类50种,2015-2016年采集鱼类38种。小型鱼类共采集到32种,其中2010-2011年度为31种,2015-2016年度为22种,减少的种类主要为长江干流繁殖进入天鹅洲故道的种类。2015-2016年相比2010-2011年,小型鱼类优势种也发生了较大的改变,2010-2011年故道小型鱼类优势种5种,按优势度大小排序为:短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)、贝氏歺又鱼(Hemiculter bleekeri)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)和银鮈(Squalidus argentatus);而2015-2016年优势种为4种,按优势度大小排序为:黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)、歺又鱼(Hemiculter leucisculus)、短颌鲚和鲫,来自长江干流繁殖的小型鱼类资源有所减少。建议通过灌江纳苗引入似鳊、银鮈、贝氏歺又鱼等长江干流繁殖的小型鱼类,改善生境,为歺又鱼、鲫等湖泊定居鱼类提供良好的繁殖环境,以增加长江江豚饵料鱼类的资源量,满足其食物需求。     

鸭绿江下游浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的关系*

为了探究鸭绿江下游浮游植物群落的演替规律及与环境因子的关系,2012-2016年每年的春季(4月枯水期)和秋季(9月丰水期)进行2次采样调查。根据鸭绿江下游的环境特点,遵循采样点具有代表性的原则,以鸭绿江下游的宽甸县河口村为起点,以丹东市振兴区浪头镇为终点,共设7个采样点,对鸭绿江下游连续5年进行了浮游植物群落结构及水体理化因子的监测。结果表明,鸭绿江下游共鉴定出浮游植物77种,分属于7门47属,其中硅藻门30种,绿藻门28种,裸藻门6种,甲藻门3种,金藻门2种,隐藻门1种,群落组成以硅藻和绿藻为主。主要优势种有梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、克罗顿脆杆藻(Fragilaria crotonensis)、辐射圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus radiatus)和美丽星杆藻(Asterionella formosa)。浮游植物生物量从上游至下游逐渐升高,2012-2014年的年际生物量较高,从2015年开始生物量骤减。影响浮游植物生物量最主要的环境因子是水温、透明度和总氮,生物量与水温、总氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与透明度呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

贝加尔针茅草原土壤线虫与微生物群落特征及其相互作用

分析了在施氮环境下内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物和土壤线虫群落特征及相互作用。结果表明,不同的施氮水平显著影响土壤微生物真菌和细菌群落结构和数量,但对土壤微生物群落总量的影响并不显著;对土壤线虫食细菌类群（Bacterivores）、食真菌类群（Fungivores）和植物寄生性类群（Plant parasites）数量影响显著,同时影响土壤线虫的物种丰富度（SR）和群落结构的稳定性。土壤中的植物寄生性类群线虫与土壤中细菌群落、真菌群落和真菌/细菌之间呈显著正相关,土壤真菌群落与土壤线虫群落的丰富度（SR）、均匀度（J'）和结构指数（WI）也有明显的相关性。施氮对土壤真菌群落的影响大于对土壤细菌群落的影响,土壤中的真菌群落与土壤中植物寄生性类群线虫具有相互促进的作用,增加了植物受线虫感染的几率,同时施氮也改变了土壤线虫的群落结构。     

河南黄背草群落碳、氮密度空间变化及其驱动因素分析

试验采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,分别对豫北、豫西和豫南3个地区的黄背草群落植被碳、氮密度进行了测定,并与气候、地形、土壤等生态因子进行了关联性分析,旨在明确黄背草（Themeda japonica）群落碳、氮密度在河南省不同区域的差异,以及导致这种空间变化的驱动因素,结果表明：黄背草群落地上碳、氮密度空间分布整体呈“西高南北低”的特点,豫西地上碳密度约为豫北、豫南地区的1.5倍,豫西地上氮密度约为豫北、豫南地区的2倍。群落根系碳、氮密度则呈现“南高西低”格局,豫南根系碳密度分别是豫北和豫西的1.7倍和2.9倍,豫南根系氮密度分别是豫北和豫西的1.7倍和2.7倍。RDA冗余分析（redundancy analysis,RDA）表明,影响河南黄背草群落植被碳、氮密度空间分布的因素依次是土壤砾石比、海拔、温度、降水和群落盖度。上述结果对于明确不同环境条件下黄背草群落的生态功能差异及其驱动因素具有指导意义。     

叶圈微生物的群落结构与生态功能研究进展

植物叶圈和根际是两个独特、复杂的生态系统,含有丰富的微生物种类,在促进植物生长,增强植物抗病性、抗逆性等方面有着非常重要的作用。在近几十年内的研究中,根际一直是微生物学家和植物学家研究和关注的焦点,特别是在根际微生物促进植物生长和增强植物抗病性的效果和机理方面取得了重要的研究进展。相对而言,对于叶圈微生物的研究远远滞后于对根际微生物的研究。叶圈微生物最初主要是对植物致病微生物进行研究,但是由于技术条件(主要是采用传统可培养方法进行研究)的限制,叶圈微生物研究进展缓慢。2000年以后,随分子生物学技术的发展,特别是高通量测序技术的发展,叶圈微生物研究进入了快速发展段。研究发现,叶圈微生物中只有少数致病,而大多数能够为植物提供养分、促进植物生长、提高植物抗病性和抗逆性,在植物群落组成和生态功能方面发挥了重要作用。通过介绍叶圈定义的提出及发展过程,阐述了叶圈微生物在研究方法、生物学功能及作用机理方面的研究进展,并对叶圈微生物未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Effect of native and allochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Casuarina equisetifolia growth and its root bacterial community

Exotic trees are often planted to recover degraded lands. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi can improve their survival. Plant growth is partly dependent on the strain used, but little attention has been paid to the selection of mycorrhizal fungi. The aim of this study was to determine whether the growth of Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Johnson) is affected by two different mycorrhizal inocula generated using fungal spores retrieved from an Australian site (allochthonous soil) and a Senegalese site (native soil) under C. equisetifolia trees. Comparative experiments were conducted with plants in a Senegalese soil, previously sterilized or not, and grown in a greenhouse. At harvest, parameters related to plant growth and mycorrhization were evaluated and soil bacterial communities were compared. Tree growth was significantly influenced by both types of inoculants. In unsterilized soil, plants inoculated with the native inoculant were taller than plants inoculated with the allochthonous inoculant and control plants. The frequency of mycorrhization with both inoculants was higher in unsterilized soil. The strongest effects of the mycorhizosphere on the soil microbiome were obtained with the allochthonous inoculum, and analysis of the taxonomic composition revealed mycorrhizal communities specific to each inoculum. These results suggest that the development of C. equisetifolia and its root bacterial community are dependent on the composition of the mycorrhizal inoculum. The functional consequences of this rhizosphere effect in terms of soil fertility should be further studied to better guide reforestation operations.     

Growth performance,muscle and liver composition,blood traits,digestibility and gut bacteria of beluga (Huso huso) juvenile fed different levels of soybean meal and lactic acid

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of fishmeal (FM) replacement with 0, 350 or 700 g/kg soybean meal (SBM) in combination with the supplementation of lactic acid (LA; 0, 10 or 20 g/kg) in the diets of juvenile beluga sturgeon (Huso huso; 700 ± 30 g). Nine isonitrogenous (400 g/kg protein) and isoenergetic (18 MJ/kg) diets were fed to beluga ad libitum, three times a day, for 60 days. The results showed that replacing FM with SBM without LA significantly reduced fish growth; on the other hand, LA supplementation had positive effects on fish fed diets that FM was replaced by SBM (p < .05). Increasing SBM in the diet altered the fatty acid profiles of the fish, reducing long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the n‐3/n‐6 fatty acids. High amounts of SBM (700 g/kg) caused reductions in the haematocrit, glucose and cholesterol levels in the blood (p < .05). In addition, the digestibility of protein, fat, dry matter and phosphorus was reduced when replacing FM with SBM, however, adding LA to the diets increased fish performance (p < .05), and this improvement was sharper in 2% LA groups. The number of LA bacteria increased significantly with the dietary supplementation of LA (p < .05). Based on these results, replacing 350 g/kg of FM with SBM and adding 20 g/kg LA to their feed do not negatively affect the biological and physiological indices of beluga.     

井冈山区鼠类群落结构及其垂直分布的生态位研究

对井冈山区鼠类组成、群落结构及其不同海拔的垂直分布进行了调查研究,结果表明,该区发现鼠类14种,可划分为黄毛鼠+黑线姬鼠、社鼠+针毛鼠+小林姬鼠、社鼠+青毛鼠、社鼠+大林姬鼠+小林姬鼠等4个群落。比较不同鼠类群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势度、优势集中性指数和生物量,多样性指数和均匀性指数随海拔升高而增大,优势度、优势集中性指数和生物量以黄毛鼠+黑线姬鼠群落为最大;黄毛鼠和黑线姬鼠是危害该区盆地农作物的两大害鼠,社鼠、针毛鼠、青毛鼠是该林区主要害鼠。     

外源元素添加对金沙江干热河谷植物群落结构和物种多样性的影响

由于干热河谷地区生态环境相当脆弱,为了解元素添加对干热河谷植被群落结构的影响,试验选取了元谋干热河谷地段来研究元素添加对植物群落结构及物种多样性的影响。研究结果表明,添加不同元素后对植物群落结构参数产生了不同影响。不同元素添加后降低了双子叶植物群落多样性,而添加不同元素增加了单子叶植物的多样性,尤其是添加了K元素对单子叶植物群落的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度、Mc Intosh指数起到了促进作用,与CK相比分别提高了2.28%、2.41%、2.37%、3.73%。24个试验小区的单子叶植物地上生物量双子叶植物生物量;同时养分添加与植物多样性之间呈负相关关系。本研究可以用来调控植物多样性,更好的为生态恢复方面提供技术指导。