黑龙江省西瓜细菌性果实腐斑病防治技术

近年来黑龙江省西瓜细菌性果实腐斑病发病严重。园艺分院西瓜研究室对黑龙江省西瓜果斑病的发病症状等进行了4年的调查,并进行了西瓜果斑病防治方法的试验示范,示范地块的果斑病发病率在两年内控制在了3％、1％以下,总结了防治方法。     

Selection of Variovorax paradoxus-like bacteria in the mycosphere and the role of fungal-released compounds

At two occasions (2004 and 2006), a similar cluster of culturable bacteria was found to be selected in the mycosphere of the basidiomycetous fungus Laccaria proxima (Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) in the field. The bacteria, identified as related to Variovorax paradoxus, comprised 7.3-9% of the total culturable bacterial community in the L. proxima mycosphere, but were not found in corresponding bulk soil (<0.3%). One strain, denoted HB44, was selected in order to unravel the basis of the V. paradoxus mycosphere competence in in vitro experiments with the former Laccaria laccata, which was recently reclassified as Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten (Agaricales, Tricholomataceae). In liquid culture experiments, L. strain Karsten was shown to be an avid producer of glycerol, next to acetate and formate, which constituted the most abundant carbonaceous compounds released. Strain HB44 was able to grow avidly at the expense of the glycerol liberated by the fungus, as evidenced by proton NMR analysis of the fungal exudates in the medium before and after bacterial growth. In sterilized field soil, strain HB44 survived significantly better in the presence than in the absence of L. strain Karsten. Addition of a glycerol series to the sterilized soil (without the fungus) resulted in the persistence or growth of strain HB44, but only if the pH of this soil was previously set at 5.5. Thus, we provide evidence for the contention that tricholomataceous fungi can create specific niches in soil for the V. paradoxus-related strain HB44 and that glycerol may be a main carbon source that drives the selection of this organism.     

小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用

本实验以中药提取物小檗碱为研究对象,探究其对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用。实验采用常量肉汤稀释法测定小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);随后分别选取2 MIC、1 MIC、0.5 MIC浓度小檗碱,采用结晶紫染色法测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜生长的抑制率,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR测定2 MIC、1 MIC、0.5 MIC小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌Nuc基因的表达情况。结果显示,小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为62.5μg/mL,2 MIC、1 MIC、0.5 MIC浓度小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制率分别为77.14%、66.91%和55.55%,荧光定量PCR测得各组金葡菌Nuc基因的Ct值大小为Ct值(0.5 MIC)> Ct值(1.0 MIC)>Ct值(2 MIC),说明随着小檗碱浓度的增大,对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用增强,呈现明显的浓度依赖性。本研究为小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌感染的防治提供数据支持。     

鳗鲡肠道蛭弧菌的分离及其对水产动物细菌性疾病的预防作用研究

以多发性水产动物疾病的病原菌嗜水气单胞菌为宿主,从鳗鲡肠道中分离到一株噬菌力较强的蛭弧菌,命名为Bdm4。通过光学显微镜、相差显微镜和电子显微镜对蛭弧菌Bdm4进行革兰氏染色观察显示,蛭弧菌Bdm4为短杆状和长杆状的革兰氏阴性细菌,其大小约为0．3—0．4μm×1．2～1．5μm;菌有单根的极生长鞭毛。Bdm4对试验所选取的多种海淡水致病菌均有较强的裂解能力,而对所选用的益生菌则不能裂解;且其在鱼体表、鳃和肠道中能有效地消减致病菌,抑制致病菌的繁殖,同时有利于肠道乳酸杆菌数量的增长。     

基于16S rDNA基因文库的黄河三角洲盐生植被土壤细菌群落多样性研究

[目的]研究黄河三角洲光板地及2种盐生植被(獐茅和罗布麻)下土壤细菌群落结构多样性,探究其与植被演替的关系.[方法]采用细菌16S rDNA基因文库方法,各文库挑选200个阳性克隆子进行测定.[结果]光板地、獐茅和罗布麻3个文库中分别得到121、150、155条有效序列.獐茅土壤细菌的Shannon指数和ACE指数最高.土壤中检测到变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacte-roidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)等共8门.变形菌门在光板地、獐茅土壤和罗布麻土壤中的相对丰度分别为37.45％、51.09％、37.11％,拟杆菌门分别为33.02％、3.03％、4.47％,其他细菌相对丰度均较低.[结论]3种覆被类型下土壤细菌在种群组成与分布上差异明显,变形菌为优势菌群.当盐生植被处于不同演替阶段时,土壤细菌群落结构差别较大.     

戊糖乙醇发酵菌种的选育及菌种特性的研究

[目的]选育能利用木糖产乙醇的菌株。[方法]从自然界中分离、筛选能够发酵戊糖产生乙醇的酵母菌株,并对所得菌株进行发酵性能研究。[结果]选出了1株能利用木糖产乙醇的菌株b-11。其特性研究结果表明,菌株b-11耐乙醇浓度为5%,对数生长期为12～18 h,在50 g/L的木糖发酵培养基中发酵48 h时乙醇浓度达到最高值3.105 9 g/L,木糖利用率达82.52%,糖醇转化率是理论转化率的16.36%。[结论]该研究为利用木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇提供了参考。     

Replant diseases: Bacterial community structure and diversity in peach rhizosphere as determined by metabolic and genetic fingerprinting

Peach tree replant disease, though reported on in the literature for more than two centuries, has yet to have its causes clearly defined. Decline in peach productivity has been attributed to toxic agents, insects, nutritional disturbances, spray residues, fungi and nematodes. Bacteria has also been indicated as a contributing factor.Peach replant disease was reproduced by using two successive cultures on the same soil. Bacterial communities were isolated and characterized from healthy and diseased peach trees. The potential role of cyanide production by rhizobacteria in the replant problem of peaches was studied. Culture-dependent (evaluation of the number of culturable bacteria, metabolic activities, Biolog^® GN2) and independent (ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, RISA) methods were used, in order to compare bacterial community structure and diversity in healthy and sick soils and to evaluate the possible role of cyanide.Bacterial densities were significantly increased in sick soils. Metabolic activities (Biolog^® GN2) and genetic structure, observed through RISA, were also significantly modified in sick soils. Changes in the composition of individual microbial groups in the rhizosphere of peach trees excavated from healthy or sick soil indicated the involvement of rhizobacteria in the etiology of the replant sickness of peach soil. More than 60% of the strains isolated from healthy soils corresponded to Pseudomonas sp. and 58% of the isolates from sick soils were Bacillus sp. This study determined that Bacillus were able to produce in vitro HCN. It also appeared that in sick soil, there was a shift in the structure of bacterial communities with an increase noted in phytotoxic microorganisms capable of producing HCN compounds.     

Hepatic abscesses in cats: 14 cases (1985-2002)

In this retrospective study, we describe 14 cats diagnosed with hepatic abscesses. The objective of the study was to report the clinical signs, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic findings, and outcomes in affected cats. These findings were then compared with those previously reported in dogs and humans. Clinical signs were vague and included anorexia, lethargy, and weight loss. Only 23% of cats had fever, whereas 31% were hypothermic. Increases in serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were found in 45 and 18%, respectively, of the 11 cats that had laboratory work performed. Abdominal ultrasound examinations were performed in 7 cats, and abnormalities were found in 71% of them. Four cats had solitary abscesses, all of which were located in the right liver lobes. The other 10 cats had multifocal small abscesses or microabscesses, and all of these cats had clinical signs suggestive of sepsis. Cytologic evaluation of samples obtained by abdominocentesis indicated septic inflammation in 67% of cats in which peritoneal fluid was analyzed. Hepatic abscess cultures yielded polymicrobial growth in 66% of the cats: Escherichia coli was the most commonly cultured organism. Overall mortality rate was 79%. All survivors underwent exploratory laparotomy for partial hepatectomy to resect the abscess followed by medical management. Hepatic abscesses should be considered in cats with signs consistent with sepsis. More routine use of ultrasonography may aid in earlier diagnosis of hepatic abscesses, potentially improving prognosis and outcome.     

不同Xa21转基因杂交稻组合的大田试验与分析

在北京、四川和江苏等地对Xa21转基因杂交稻进行了大田释放实验. 分别对转基因纯合的3个恢复系明恢63-Xa21、盐恢559-Xa21和C418-Xa21与各种不育系配组的23个杂交组合进行了抗性和农艺性状分析. 在不同的杂合遗传背景下转基因Xa21稳定遗传和高效表达, 所有杂交组合均具有对白叶枯病的广谱抗性. 转基因恢复系配制的杂交组合与     

土壤调理剂对植烟土壤微生物群落的影响

考察了生物质炭作为土壤调理剂对植烟土壤微生物群落的影响.结果表明,在烤烟生长的各个时期,添加调理剂处理的土壤可培养微生物数量均比未添加调理剂的对照处理高.宏基因组分析表明,添加土壤调理剂处理的微生物群落多样性高于对照,且青枯病发病率和病情指数比对照降低了27.6％和34.6％.由此可知,植烟土壤中添加土壤调理剂可以改善土壤微生态环境,提高土壤微生物群落多样性,维护土壤微生物平衡,从而降低土传病害的发生.