Effect of High Concentrations of Cholecalciferol on Growth,Bone Mineralization,and Mineral Retention in Broiler Chicks Fed Suboptimal Concentrations of Calcium and Nonphytate Phosphorus

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of supplementing high concentrations (200 vs. 1,200, 2,400, and 3,600 ICU/kg) of cholecalciferol (CC) on performance, bone mineralization, and mineral retention in broiler chickens (2 to 42 d of age) fed a basal diet containing suboptimal concentrations of Ca and nonphytate P (NPP; 0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). A reference diet (RD) containing recommended levels of Ca, NPP, and CC was considered as control. Each diet was fed ad libitum to 21 replicates containing 5 birds in each. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, tibia ash, and serum Ca and inorganic P decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in broilers fed suboptimal concentrations of Ca and NPP compared with those fed the RD. The BW gain (2,400 ICU/kg) and feed efficiency, leg abnormality score, and bone mineralization characteristics (3,600 ICU/kg) in broilers fed suboptimal concentrations of Ca and NPP with high concentrations of CC were similar to those fed the RD. The concentrations of Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu in liver increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in concentrations of CC in the basal diet. Based on the results, it is concluded that performance and bone mineralization in broilers could be maintained with suboptimal concentrations of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively) and higher concentrations of CC (3,600 ICU/kg) in the diet.     

鸡舍真菌气溶胶潜在危害的定量评估

本文采用6级Andersen生物空气采样器和常用真菌计数培养基,在鸡舍入口处收集气溶胶真菌,经培养和纯化鉴定出78种真菌,其中包括黄曲霉、烟曲霉、黑曲霉及镰刀菌等在内的50余种真菌。研究表明鸡舍入口处空气真菌污染程度与鸡舍内没有显著差异。早晨气溶胶真菌浓度明显低于中午(P=0.07)和晚间(P=0.05)的浓度,且夏秋季节浓度相对较高,峰值在7月份。鸡舍内气溶胶真菌的年平均浓度为2.3×103 CFU/m3。黄曲霉、烟曲霉、黑曲霉在鸡舍空气中的浓度相对较高,分别超过真菌气溶胶组成平均浓度77.7 CFU/m3、63CFU/m35、7.1 CFU/m3,而镰刀菌是常见的空气真菌,其总平均浓度为74.6 CFU/m3,比平均值高出45.3 CFU/m3。平均CMD值分别为3.1μm;GSD分别为2.1。每分钟可沉积到支气管和直接侵入肺泡的活性真菌量分别是居室的3.4倍和3.3倍。本研究探讨了真菌气溶胶不同时间和季节的变化规律,并从其组成、浓度及粒子大小定量评估采样点鸡舍真菌气溶胶的危害,为有效控制禽类真菌病的流行提供科学依据和预警资料。     

四环素耐药基因在鸡源沙门氏菌中的分布和传播

试验分析了84株鸡源沙门氏菌分离株的四环素耐药性,用PCR方法检测四环素耐药基因在分离株中的分布情况。结果显示,四环素耐药率为49%(41/84),鸡白痢和鸡伤寒沙门氏菌仅携带tet(A)基因(23/23),肠炎沙门氏菌和德尔卑沙门氏菌携带tet(A)(8/18)、tet(B)(17/18)或tet(G)(10/18)三种基因,tetC基因在这些沙门氏菌中都没有检测到。该类基因多数位于结合性质粒上,但是不在整合子范围内。     

四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞的毒性影响

采用四氯联苯处理发育至Ⅹ期的白来航鸡种蛋,孵化5.5天后取出胚胎进行全固定,用石蜡切片和PAS染色(高碘酸希夫试剂)研究四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞(PGCs)的影响.结果表明,四氯联苯对发育至5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs数量和结构有明显影响,但雌二醇处理的5.5日胚龄鸡胚PGCs数量变化不显著,其结构无明显变化.表明四氯联苯对5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs的影响主要来自于其毒性作用.     

Dynamics of Protein 27 of Avian Leukosis Virus and Transforming Growth Factor β2 in Lymphoid Leukosis Susceptible and Resistant Broiler Chicken Breeding Stock

The dynamics of the serum concentration of protein 27 (P27) of avian leukosis virus and transforming growth factor ₂ (TGF-₂) were compared during the period between 29 and 59 weeks of age in two flocks of broiler chicken breeding stock undergoing outbreaks of severe lymphoid leukosis (LL) associated with persistent high mortality (susceptible) and in another two flocks of breeding stock with the presence of avian leukosis virus in association with low mortality due to LL (resistant). The average mean concentration of serum P27 in the LL-susceptible flocks was significantly higher (<0.05) than that in the LL-resistant flocks in six out of seven samplings performed at 5-week intervals, between 29 and 59 weeks of age. The peak in the average rise of serum P27 in the LL-resistant flocks (309 pg/ml) was associated with the highest level of TGF-₂ (1282 pg/ml) among all flocks and at all sampling times. The significance of TGF-₂ in inhibition of lymphoid tumour development is discussed.     

黄羽肉鸡慢羽羽型遏传及分布规律研究

对“８８２”黄羽肉鸡慢羽系后代以及利用留种的四类羽型进行两两交叉配种后代的羽型进行了观察统计。结果发现：慢羽系的一代四类羽型鸡的分布以倒长型为主体羽型（６５．９４％）,然后是未出型（２６．３８％）,而等长型（５．９５％）和微长型（１．７３％）在四类羽型鸡所占的比例很小。不同性别之间四种羽型的分布趋势没有发生改变,但分布比例存在较大差异。羽毛生长较差的未出型在公鸡中所占的比例比在母鸡中所占的比例大,而其余三种羽型的分布比例却低于在母鸡中所占的比例。留神的四类鸡两两交配的各个组合后代中四种羽型的分布发生了较大变化,与其父母代的羽型有极强的依赖关系,表现出强烈的剂量效应。     

接种堆型艾美耳球虫早熟株对雏鸡血液理化指标及体重的影响

本项研究采用人工培育的堆型艾美耳球虫 (Eimeria acervulina)早熟株 ,以不同剂量接种雏鸡 ,并测定其血钠、血钾、血糖、血红蛋白的变化。结果表明 ,雏鸡接种的剂量不同对血液理化指标均有影响 ,其中 0 .5× 10 4个 /只剂量组的指标与对照组差异不显著 ,显示对雏鸡可能具有较好的免疫保护作用 ,该剂量可作为该种球虫早熟株免疫预防的参考剂量     

酶制剂在鸡饲料中的科学应用

根据国外近年来有关酶制剂在改善饲料利用效率、提高家禽生产性能、减少疾病和改善禽舍环境等方面的实验结果。结合我国养鸡生产实际,从配合饲料的原料学特性、主要营养素的含量、鸡群的生理状况以及饲料的加工调制方法等方面阐述了提高酶制剂使用效果的原理和方法,对国内养鸡生产中合理使用酶制剂起到一定的指导作用。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)BJ株SO7重组抗原的免疫试验

将柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Ｅｉｍｅｒｉａ ｔｅｎｅｌｌａ）ＢＪ株Ｓ０７基因插入ｐＴｈｉｏＨｉｓＢ载体中,构建了１个表达载体,命名为ｐＴｈｉｏＨｉｓＳ０７。将此表达载体转入大肠杆菌ＤＨ５ａ,经ＴＰＴＧ诱导表达后,用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测表达产物。结果表明,含ｐＴｈｉｏＨｉｓＳ０７质粒原工程菌具有明显的表达产物,表达效率为１７．１％。用超声波粉碎仪裂解含重组抗原的工程菌,加入钾加矾作佐剂,用２个剂量（１０、１０     

不同肉鸡用植物性饲料总磷真利用率的测定

本试验利用无磷原料配制无磷饲粮,选择低磷原料配制基础饲粮,用一定比例待测植物性饲料替代基础饲粮配制待测饲粮,通过平衡试验法测定了35日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡对玉米、豆粕、麦麸3种饲料原料的总磷真利用率。结果表明:在控制饲粮含磷量低于肉仔鸡的磷需要量,研究饲料磷的最大利用率时,肉仔鸡的内源磷排出量为(44.84±3.14)mg/d。玉米、豆粕和麦麸的总磷真利用率分别为(16.42±3.36)%、(28.34±4.90)%和(46.48±4.29)%。利用总磷含量的1/3和非植酸磷含量估计肉鸡饲料有效磷并不准确。因麦麸本身含有高活性的植酸酶,肉仔鸡可部分利用其植酸磷。