遮光及复光处理对紫叶狼尾草叶色及生理变化的影响

为探寻光照对紫叶狼尾草（Pennisetum setaceum ‘Rubrum’）的叶色及生理变化的影响,以自然光为对照,用透光率为10%的遮阳网对其进行遮光处理,直至新叶成熟完全变绿后,撤去遮阳网用自然光进行复光处理,而后测量各阶段的叶色参数和相关生理指标的动态变化。结果显示,遮光后紫叶狼尾草新叶为绿色,叶色参数L、b值显著增加,a值显著减少;生理指标叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量显著增加,花色素苷、类黄酮、可溶性糖含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalnine ammonialyase,PAL）、查尔酮异构酶（chalcone isomerase,CHI）活性显著减少,PPO多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活性无明显变化。复光处理后,叶色逐渐转紫,叶色参数变化与遮光相反;生理指标变化与遮光后减少或增加的指标呈相反趋势,PPO、POD活性变化不明显。     

Modelling land use strategies to optimise crop production and protection of ecologically important weed species

There is a need to develop farming systems that enable both a satisfactory level of crop production and suitable environmental conditions for natural species. Wildlife‐friendly cropping techniques, such as a reduced amount of applied herbicide or a lower crop density, might be adopted in order to maintain populations of weed species of biological interest. An alternative might be to adopt an intensive cropping system in a part of the field and spare the other part as set‐aside or field margins, available for the natural development of plant species. The objective of this study was to present a method to compare two strategies for maintaining a desirable level of abundance of a given species of interest in agricultural areas, specifically (i) a strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system in a large cultivated area and (ii) a strategy based on a more intensive cropping system in a reduced area of cultivation, i.e. with land‐sparing. The principle is to calculate the ratio of crop production obtained with strategy (i) to the production obtained with strategy (ii) for a given target density of natural species. We show that the value of this ratio, and thus the relative performance of the two strategies, depends on the density of the weed species that can be maintained in an uncultivated ecological area. The method is applied in case studies of two plant species with contrasting ecology and conservation goals. The numerical results show that the strategy based on a wildlife‐friendly cropping system is more profitable in most situations.     

圈养秦岭羚牛夏季昼间活动时间分配研究

为了对秦岭羚牛进行有效的迁地保护和揭示圈养条件下秦岭羚羊的夏季昼间的时间分配状况,更好地加强饲养管理,2006年7月,在陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养研究中心内采用瞬时扫描取样法对13头圈养秦岭羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi)的活动规律进行了观察。结果表明,夏季白昼羚牛的活动以休息为主,采食次之,同时,羚牛的饮水、排尿、排便量均较低,分别为每头每天1.92次、0.54次、0.92次。羚牛每天的活动节律与气温的变化相关。年龄对羚牛活动节律的影响主要表现在羚牛的活动节律和时间分配方面的差异。此外,从羚牛群体进行观察,同一群中的羚牛个体的活动具有不完全同步性。     

利用Ph基因诱导小麦外源染色体易位

对小麦染色体配对控制体系的调控进行了综述,即利用5B染色体缺失效应、Ph基因突变系和Ph抑制基因等方法来诱导易位系。该方法产生的易位系遗传补偿性较好。     

Real‐time PCR detection of Erwinia amylovora on blossoms correlates with subsequent fire blight incidence

Fire blight is the most devastating bacterial disease of rosaceous plants. Forecasting fire blight infections is important to allow for countermeasures that reduce economic damage in pome fruit production. Current computerized forecasting models are solely based on physical factors such as temperature and moisture, but not on the actual presence of the pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Although the inoculum concentration is considered to be crucial for infection and disease outbreak, most current approaches used for identification of fire blight inoculum including morphological, biochemical, serological, and DNA‐based methods are nonquantitative. Based on a real‐time PCR approach previously published, an improved protocol to be used directly on whole bacteria in the field is described. The method allows for early detection and quantification of the pathogen prior to the occurrence of first symptoms. There is a clear correlation between bacterial abundance and subsequent disease development. However, in some cases, no disease symptoms could be observed despite a pathogen load of up to 3·4 × 10⁶ cells per blossom. Integration of the amount of pathogen detected into refined prediction algorithms may allow for the improvement of applied forecasting models, finally permitting a better abatement of fire blight.     

Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Miticidal 4,5-Dihydropyrazole-5-thiones

A series of novel 4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thiones (DHPs) was synthesised by treating the corresponding dihydropyrazolones with ‘Lawesson’s reagent and evaluated for miticidal activity against two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Of these, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-ethyl-4-methyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione-4-spirocyclopentane and 4,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione were highly active (pEC₅₀>4·0) and were more effective than the miticide dicofol (pEC₅₀=3·879), which has traditionally been used for the control of phytophagous mites. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies were performed on each position of the pyrazole ring of DHPs. The results indicated that the unsubstituted phenyl, 4-substituted phenyl and thioxo groups on the 1-, 3- and 5-positions of DHPs respectively were required for activity. Quantitative SAR studies using physicochemical parameters of substituents and the capacity factor k′ as a hydrophobicity index suggested that: (a) the activities of all types of DHPs examined were mainly dominated by hydrophobicity, (b) the bulkiness of 4-substituents of the 3-phenyl ring favoured the activity and (c) the log k′ optimum for all DHPs was 1·675, equivalent to a log P_ow value of c. 5·0.     

谷子转化及再生体系研究进展

谷子（Setaria italica）具有抗逆性强、适应性广、营养丰富等特点,是重要的区域性粮食作物之一。国内外谷子组织培养和遗传转化报道相对较少。对近年来谷子遗传转化方法和原理、组织培养再生体系的研究进展以及影响转化因素进行了总结,并对今后农杆菌介导谷子转化应注意的问题和前景作了简单讨论。     

畜牧兽医专业创业导向型实践体系的构建与实践

为探索以"创业型畜牧生产实训"为特征的畜牧兽医专业实践体系,结合畜牧兽医专业创业导向型实践体系构建与实践进行的10多年教学探索,提出了创业实践体系、校内课程实践体系、教学实践实习体系和社会实践教学体系共4种实践体系并运用于畜牧兽医专业人才培养,取得了提高人才培养质量的良好效果,为畜牧兽医专业人才培养探索新途径.     

保护性耕作条件下河北粮食作物植物保护新问题和治理对策

保护性耕作是相对于传统翻耕的一种新型耕作技术,已在我国北方大面积推广应用。近年来随着新的耕作方式的实施我国河北省小麦全蚀病等土传性病害发生程度加重,发生范围扩大;小麦赤霉病等南方性病害向河北蔓延;农田草害加重;次要病虫害上升为主要病虫害等。本文对保护性耕作条件下,粮食作物上出现的新的植物保护问题进行了综述,并对治理对策进行了探讨。