The effects of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam on the intraocular pressure and pupil diameter of the dog’s eye

Objective To determine the effects of 10% ketamine hydrochloride and 0.5% diazepam on intraocular pressure (IOP) and horizontal pupil diameter (HPD) in the canine eye. Procedures Ten healthy dogs for each treatment group were used in this study. In the first group, 20 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride was injected intravenously; in the second, 0.5 mg/kg diazepam was similarly injected; and in the third, a control group, 0.9% saline was used. In all groups, IOP and HPD were measured every 5 min for 35 min in the first group, and 60 min in the second and third group. Results A maximum increase in IOP was obtained 5 min after ketamine injection, with IOP of 23.2 ± 5.8 mmHg (a 45.0% increase compared to baseline) in the right eye and 22.9 ± 5.9 mmHg (a 43.5% increase) in the left eye (both significant at P < 0.01). A significant IOP increase was observed throughout the research period of 35 min. Statistically significant increases in HPD (P < 0.05) were observed only at 5 and 25 min after ketamine injection. A significant increase in IOP was obtained 10 min after diazepam injection, showing a maximum IOP 20 ± 5.0 mmHg in the right eye (9.3% increase) and 19.9 ± 5.1 mmHg (8.7% increase) in the left eye (both significant at P < 0.05). HPD decreased during the study period, reaching the lowest level 30 min post‐treatment. Conclusions This study showed a substantial increase in IOP after ketamine injection and a less substantial, but still significant increase after diazepam injection. These findings should be taken into consideration when using these drugs in dogs with fragile corneas, or in dogs predisposed or affected by glaucoma.     

不同产地益母草饮片中盐酸水苏碱含量差异分析

目的比较全国不同产地益母草饮片中盐酸水苏碱含量差异,为益母草的质量研究提供参考依据。方法按照2010版《中国药典》规定,采用HPLC-ELSD法测定各样品中盐酸水苏碱的含量。结果不同产地益母草饮片中盐酸水苏碱含量差异很大,在0.102%～2.142%之间。结论为保证益母草饮片的质量和疗效,建议选择规范化人工栽培的益母草。     

克伦特罗残留GC-MS检测方法的建立及对自制试纸条性能的确证

建立了猪尿液中盐酸克伦特罗(CL)残留的GC-MS检测方法,并对自主研制的CL残留快速检测免疫金标试纸条(CL-Strip)进行了比较分析.结果表明,GC-MS的检测限为0.5ng/ml,CL-Strip的检测限为1.0ng/ml:CL-Strip与GC-MS两者的加标测定实验结果完全一致;用CL-Strip检测出的100份阴性尿样和18份阳性尿样,与GC-MS检测结果完全一致.说明CL-Strip与GC-MS同样灵敏、准确、稳定,由于CL-Strip具有简便、直观、快速、敏感、特异、准确等优点,建议在CL残留快速检测中推广应用.     

不同水温下盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰血浆的药代动力学研究

研究不同水温(18、28 ℃)条件下盐酸氯苯胍(robenidine hydrochloride,ROBH)在斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)血浆的药代动力学特征。以20 mg·kg^-1体质量剂量的盐酸氯苯胍单次口灌斑点叉尾鮰,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中盐酸氯苯胍的浓度,内标法定量,并采用3p97药代动力学软件计算药代动力学参数、开展模型分析。结果表明,在不同水温条件下盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰血浆的药时曲线均符合二室模型特征,动力学方程分别为C_{18 ℃}=4.17e^-0.01t+2.48e^-0.008t-6.65e^-0.05t和C_{28 ℃}=7.69e^-0.02t+0.13e^-0.01t+-7.82e^-0.27t。血浆中盐酸氯苯胍达峰时间T_peak 分别为42.36和10.03 h,峰浓度值C_max分别为3.51和5.76 μg·mL^-1,表观分布容积V/F(c)分别为3.79和2.78 L·kg^-1,分布相的一级速率常数α分别为0.248和0.222 h^-1,消除相的一级速率常数β分别为0.006和0.007 h^-1,吸收半衰期T_1/2(ka)分别为14.67和2.54 h,消除半衰期T_1/2(β) 分别为85.52和58.63 h,中央室向周边室转运的一级速率常数K₁₂分别为0.000 2和0.000 2 h^-1,周边室向中央室转运的一级速率常数K₂₁分别为0.009和0.01 h^-1,药-时曲线下面积分别为554.18和326.74 μg·mL^-1·h^-1。研究结果表明,盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰体血浆的吸收、分布和消除受水温的影响显著,高水温条件下盐酸氯苯胍的达峰时间短,峰浓度值约是低水温时的2倍,水温对血药曲线下面积的影响较大,对肾清除率影响不大。研究结果为盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰养殖过程中不同季节的合理使用提供一定理论依据。     

黄颡鱼源嗜水气单胞菌对盐酸沙拉沙星耐药性获得与消失速率的测定

[目的]测定黄颡鱼源嗜水气单胞菌对盐酸沙拉沙星的耐药性,为制定盐酸沙拉沙星在水产动物疾病防治中的用药程序提供参考依据.[方法]采用二倍稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,以传代法测定菌株的耐药性获得和消失速率.[结果]盐酸沙拉沙星对WZAh-01、WZAh-02、WZAh-03和YFAh-04菌株的MIC分别为0.625、0.3125、0.3125和0.15625 μg/mL;在含有盐酸沙拉沙星的培养基中连续传代8次后,4株供试菌株的MIC上升了64～512倍;将获得的强耐药性诱变菌株于4℃中保存30 d,结果发现WZAh-02 、WZAh-03和YFAh-04菌株的MIC下降了50％,WZAh-01菌株的MIC保持不变.[结论]黄颡鱼源嗜水气单胞菌经连续8代的耐药性诱导后对盐酸沙拉沙星获得很强的耐药性,且产生耐药突变后的菌株具有相当稳定的遗传性,耐药性在短期内很难消除,因此在实际生产上不宜常用或滥用盐酸沙拉沙星.     

流感病毒M2基因变异与盐酸金刚烷胺耐药性的关系

盐酸金刚烷胺是治疗流感的常用药物,但流感病毒极易产生耐药性并发生变异.本文仅就使用盐酸金刚烷胺后流感病毒M2基因的变异情况作一综述.     

土霉素在鸡蛋中的残留消除研究

研究临床使用常规剂量及养殖环节加大盐酸土霉素可溶性粉剂量后其在鸡蛋中的残留消除规律。对产蛋期蛋鸡分别给予500 mg/L和667 mg/L 50%盐酸土霉素可溶性粉,集中饮水给药,每日1次,连续5 d。分别采集停药后1～12 d的鸡蛋样品,采用UPLC-MS/MS测定鸡蛋中土霉素的残留量。按上述方法给药后,低、高剂量组分别在停药第1天和停药第2天达到土霉素残留量最高。低、高剂量组的最高残留量分别为142. 72、82. 84μg/kg,均低于国家规定的最高残留限量(200μg/kg),不会造成土霉素残留超标。本试验通过研究土霉素可溶性粉在鸡蛋中的残留情况,确定弃蛋期前后土霉素残留量,以期为蛋鸡产蛋期安全用药,保障食品安全提供科学依据。     

HPLC法测定盐酸氨丙啉的含量及对杂质2-甲基吡啶进行检查

采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氨丙啉的含量及对杂质2-甲基吡啶进行检查.用Waters XTerraTM RP C18色谱柱,以乙腈-甲醇-庚烷磺酸钠溶液(将12 g的1-庚烷磺酸钠溶于1000 mL水中,加24mL冰醋酸,6 mL的三乙胺制得)(5:35:60)为流动相,用紫外检测器于254nm处检测,柱温30℃,流速1.0 mL/min.在该条件下盐酸氨丙啉和2-甲基吡啶的分离度很好,盐酸氨丙啉浓度在0.05～0.50 mg/mL范围内,其色谱峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为y=3.07×107x-3.90×104,r=0.999 9,RSD=0.76%.该法适用于盐酸氨丙啉原料药的质量控制.     

Antibacterial activity of TiO2 nanotube arrays on periodontal pathogens before and after loaded with minocycline hydrochloride

AIM:To investigate the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanotube arrays on the early adhesion behavior of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) before and after loaded with minocycline hydrochloride (MN). METHODS:TiO₂ nanotube arrays were prepared by ano-dization and loaded with MN. Titanium slices were divided into 3 groups according to different treatment methods:pure polishing titanium (Ti) group, TiO₂ nanotube titanium (TiO₂) group, and MN (120 μg) TiO₂ nanotube titanium (MN TiO₂) group. The antibacterial properties of the titanium tablets were evaluated by the bacteriostasis test.RESULTS:The Ti had no antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of TiO₂ to Aa, Pg and Tf was poor, with only about 20% of antibacterial rate after 4 h. After loaded with MN, its antibacterial activity was enhanced, and the antibacterial rate was up to 77% after 4 h.CONCLUSION:No antibacterial activity in the Ti group was observed. If TiO₂ nanotube arrays were formed on the surface and MN was loaded, the antibacterial activity on periodontal pathogens was stronger.     

Sea lamprey avoid areas scented with conspecific tissue extract in Michigan streams

Three in‐stream experiments were conducted to determine whether sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., tissue extract (alarm cue) and 2‐phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA HCl, a putative predator cue) influenced the distribution of migrating adult sea lamprey. Experiments evaluated sea lamprey movement when an odour was applied to (1) a tributary of a larger stream; and (2) half of a stream channel. Fewer sea lamprey entered the tributary and side of the river scented with sea lamprey tissue extract compared to the control treatment. Sea lamprey did not avoid the tributary and side of the river scented with PEA HCl. A final laboratory experiment found no difference in the avoidance response of sea lamprey to PEA HCl mixed with river water vs PEA HCl mixed with water from Lake Huron. As such, the lack of sea lamprey response to PEA HCl in the stream was unlikely to have been caused by the presence of the river water. Rather, the difference between laboratory and field results may be attributed to the complexity of the physical environment.