循环水养殖中不同载体生物滤器的水质净化效果分析

为比较3种不同滤料在封闭循环水养殖中水体净化效果,通过构建3套封闭循环水养殖试验系统,分析了在相同体积的滤器中毛刷滤料、移动床滤料和结构滤料3种不同生物滤料对生物过滤硝化作用效果的影响.结果表明,在一定体积的生物滤器中（HRT 10.5min,水温24 ～30℃下）3种滤料对总氨氮（TAN）去除率的影响差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但单位滤料体积的TAN去除速率（VTR）差异较大.毛刷滤料、移动床滤料、结构滤料等3种滤料的VTR平均值分别为：（18.66±9.30）、（62.19±30.49）和（16.34±7.87）g/（m3·d）.不同运行方式对VTR有极显著影响,移动床的VTR明显高于毛刷滤料与结构滤料的固定床式生物滤器,差异极显著（P＜0.01）.     

地方性本科院校水产养殖专业研究生实验教学体系的构建研究

从实验内容改革、实验课程设置安排、实验教学平台建设三个方面探讨地方性本科院校水产养殖专业研究生实验教学体系的构建.在创新研究生实验课程过程中,开设本硕贯通的实验选修课程、研究生的实验必修课程和专题实验课程,在实验教学内容和实验建设等方面进行了一系列新的探索,形成了一套具有特色的研究生实验教学体系和实验内容,增强了研究生的科研能力.     

噬菌体抗体库技术在水产养殖中的研究进展

噬菌体抗体库技术是将目的基因克隆到噬菌体的外壳蛋白基因组中,转染宿主菌后,使目的基因编码蛋白和外壳蛋白以融合蛋白的形式表达,呈现在噬菌体表面,通过一系列的筛选获得特异性噬菌体抗体分子.介绍了噬菌体抗体库技术在水产养殖过程中的疾病防控、水环境监测、水产品安全控制以及与抗体芯片结合研究等方面的研究进展.     

Phosphorus utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed practical diets and its consequences on effluent phosphorus levels

Excessive dietary phosphorous (P) concentrations in effluents from aquaculture present a major environmental problem. We therefore studied the effect of dietary P and vitamin D₃ on P utilization by rainbow trout-fed practical diets and on P concentrations in the soluble, particulate and settleable components of the effluent from fish tanks. Rainbow trout (average weight: 78 g, initial biomass: 13 kg in 0.7 m³ tanks) were fed for 11 weeks, practical diets that varied in total P, available P, and vitamin D₃ concentrations. Soluble, particulate (10–200 μm) and settleable (>200 μm) P in the effluent were sampled every 0.5–6 h for 1–3 days in the third and eleventh weeks of the experiment. Trout in all diets more than doubled their weight after 11 weeks. Increasing the concentrations of available dietary P from 0.24% to 0.88% modestly enhanced growth rate. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and biomass gain per gram P consumed decreased as dietary P concentrations increased. Carcass P, daily P gain, and plasma P concentrations were lower in fish fed with low P diets. Soluble P concentrations in the effluent peaked immediately after and again 4–6 h after feeding, and is a linear function of available dietary P. No soluble P would be produced during consumption of diets containing less than 0.22±0.02% available P. Above this dietary concentration, soluble P would be excreted at 6.9±0.4 mg/day/kg for each 0.1% increase in available dietary P. Particulate P concentrations in the effluent were independent of dietary P concentrations. Settleable, presumably fecal, P concentrations tended to increase with dietary P concentrations. In trout fed with low P (0.24% available P, 0.6% total P) diets, 60% of total dietary P were retained by the fish and the remaining 40% were excreted in the effluent as settleable P (20–30%) and particulate or soluble P (10–20%). In trout fed with high P (0.59–0.88% available P; 0.9–1.2% total P) diets, 30–55% of total dietary P was retained by fish, and the remaining 15–25% appeared in the effluent as settleable P, 20–55% as soluble P, and 5–10% as particulate P. Vitamin D₃ did not affect fish growth nor effluent P levels. Physicochemical management of aquaculture effluents should consider the effect of diets on partitioning of effluent P, the peaks of soluble P concentration following feeding, and the contributions of particulate P to total P in the effluent. Increasing our understanding of how dietary P is utilized and is subsequently partitioned in the effluent can contribute significantly towards alleviating this important environmental and industry problem.     

Wood chips and wheat straw as alternative biofilter media for denitrification reactors treating aquaculture and other wastewaters with high nitrate concentrations

This study evaluated wood chips and wheat straw as inexpensive and readily available alternatives to more expensive plastic media for denitrification processes in treating aquaculture wastewaters or other high nitrate waters. Nine 3.8-L laboratory scale reactors (40 cm packed height × 10 cm diameter) were used to compare the performance of wood chips, wheat straw, and Kaldnes plastic media in the removal of nitrate from synthetic aquaculture wastewater. These upflow bioreactors were loaded at a constant flow rate and three influent NO₃–N concentrations of 50, 120, and 200 mg/L each for at least 4 weeks, in sequence. These experiments showed that both wood chips and wheat straw produced comparable denitrification rates to the Kaldnes plastic media. As much as 99% of nitrate was removed from the wastewater of 200 mg NO₃–N/L influent concentration. Pseudo-steady state denitrification rates for 200 mg NO₃–N/L influent concentrations averaged (1360 ± 40) g N/(m³ d) for wood chips, (1360 ± 80) g N/(m³ d) for wheat straw, and (1330 ± 70) g N/(m³ d) for Kaldnes media. These values were not the maximum potential of the reactors as nitrate profiles up through the reactors indicated that nitrate reductions in the lower half of the reactors were more than double the averages for the whole reactor. COD consumption per unit of NO₃–N removed was highest with the Kaldnes media (3.41–3.95) compared to wood chips (3.34–3.64) and wheat straw (3.26–3.46). Effluent ammonia concentrations were near zero while nitrites were around 2.0 mg NO₂–N/L for all reactor types and loading rates. During the denitrification process, alkalinity and pH increased while the oxidation–reduction potential decreased with nitrate removal.

Wood chips and wheat straw lost 16.2% and 37.7% of their masses, respectively, during the 140-day experiment. There were signs of physical degradation that included discoloration and structural transformation. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of the media also decreased. Both wood chips and wheat straw can be used as filter media for biological denitrification, but time limitations for the life of both materials must be considered.     

The effects of aquaculture on bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) ranging in Shark Bay, Western Australia

The increasing presence of aquaculture in coastal waters calls for a better understanding of its environmental effects. Currently little information is available on the impact of shellfish farms on cetaceans. Here we compare long-term ranging patterns of adult female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp. in Shark Bay, Western Australia) before and during full-scale pearl oyster farming operations, to determine if they were displaced. When the exact location of the oyster farm was determined, the dolphins decreased their use of that area after the farm was in place. Tracks of adult female dolphin movement near the oyster farm were compared to tracks of dolphin movement near an ecologically similar area where no oyster farm existed. Tracks near the oyster farm were less likely to enter the oyster farm itself than tracks near an ecologically similar location. This suggests that shellfish aquaculture could have a large impact on small cetaceans. The analytical techniques discussed apply broadly to aquatic and terrestrial animals.     

茶黄素的生理作用及其在水产动物生产中的应用

本文综述了茶黄素在动物预防和治疗脂肪肝、抗氧化以及免疫等方面的生理作用,重点介绍了在水产动物生产过程中所起到的作用,提出茶黄素做为新开发的应用在水产养殖中的免疫增强剂,未来将有广阔的市场.     

滨海养殖水体中浮床栽培植物的生长特征

[目的]研究浮床栽培海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)及水雍菜(Ipomoea aquatica)在不同氮磷浓度养殖水体中的生长特征.[方法]分别在有或无人工添加营养盐的低盐度滨海养殖水体中浮床栽培海马齿及水雍菜并监测其生长指标与抗逆性指标.[结果]浮床栽培的水雍菜在前15 d生长迅速,但在15 d后其受到病虫害等的影响生长减慢并逐渐死亡;海马齿生长速度较慢,但生长周期长,在60d的试验期内持续稳定生长,高浓度营养盐明显促进海马齿的生长速度;浮床栽培导致水雍菜叶片内丙二醛和脯氨酸积累显著,而海马齿在试验期间叶片内无明显的丙二醛和脯氨酸积累.[结论]海马齿在养殖水体净化中具有很好的应用价值,水雍菜亦可用于养殖水体的短期净化.     

硅肥在现代种植业及水产养殖领域中的应用

以硅肥在现代种植业及水产养殖的广泛应用为研究背景,阐述了硅肥在现代种植业中的作用机制及效果,系统地归纳了硅肥在现代水产养殖领域中的应用情况及其使用效果,指出硅肥在种植业、养殖业及饲料添加剂领域中均具有广阔的发展前景。     

我国水产业发展水平综合评价及对策探讨——基于国内发展和对外贸易的视角

[目的]对我国水产养殖业发展水平进行综合评价和相关对策探讨。[方法]分析了我国水产业发展的现状,并从水产业发展水平、国际竞争力和出口水平3个方面建立了评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法对我国水产业发展水平进行综合评价。最后从政府、质量监管部门、渔业行会、生产和加工企业等角度提出相关对策及建议。[结果]我国水产业总体发展水平处于上升趋势,但仍存在药物残留超标、超水体负荷养殖、产品附加值低以及名优特品种较少等问题。针对上述问题,政府应加大对水产业的扶持力度,增强产业竞争力,以进一步推动国际竞争力的提升;相关质量监管部门应加强水产品质量监督和管理,积极防范各种技术性贸易壁垒的冲击;渔业行会以及各种渔业研究机构应加强对水产品养殖和加工的技术支持;水产品生产和加工企业应更多地依赖于科学技术的指导。[结论]该研究结果为推动我国水产业发展提供了参考依据。