Effect of colostrum treated by heat on immunological parameters in newborn lambs

Seventeen newborn lambs were fed with untreated colostrum (group A) and 18 lambs were fed with colostrum treated by heat (56 °C, 30 min) (group B). Blood samples were obtained at seven time points from day 0 to 38 of life. Clinical status and body weight were recorded and serum protein fractions and IgG levels were determined in blood. Phagocytosis of neutrophils from the lambs and opsonic capacity of their serum were examined using a flow cytometry method. As an indicator of in vivo cellular immunity, reactions to intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were examined at 8 and 16 days of age. There were no clinical signs of disease and no significant differences in body weight between groups. Lambs from group B had lower total protein initially and lower γ-globulin and IgG levels until day 32 compared to lambs from group A (P < 0.01). Heat treatment of colostrum had no significant effect on serum opsonic capacity or phagocytosis by neutrophils and these functions increased with age. However, responses to PHA in lambs from group B were lower (P < 0.01) than group A at day 8 of life, but not at day 16, suggesting that cellular immunity was affected by the treatment of colostrum. These results showed that colostrum treated by heat impaired cellular and IgG levels in lambs, but not phagocytic function. However, these changes did not affect the health or performance of the lambs.     

Effects of Different Forced Molting Methods on Postmolt Production,Corticosterone Level,and Immune Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells in Laying Hens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different molting methods on postmolt production, plasma corticosterone levels, and antibody production to SRBC for the welfare of laying hens. This experiment was conducted with 120 IGH-type Brown laying hens (70 wk of age), randomly divided into 3 experimental groups. The hens in one group were fed a whole-grain barley diet during the first 10 d (WB diet). On d 11, hens consumed 100 g of layer diet/d until d 28. In the second group, hens were fed a Zn diet containing 10,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO for 10 d (Zn diet). Hens were then provided 100 g of a layer diet from d 11 to 28. In the third group, feed was withdrawn for 10 d, and on d 11 hens were fed a cracked corn diet ad libitum until d 28 (California method; CAL diet). Hens in all groups were returned to the layer diet ad libitum on d 29. Egg weight was lower in the Zn treatment than in the other treatments. Feed intake and plasma corticosterone levels were higher and antibody production was lower in the CAL treatment than in the WB and Zn groups. The FCR was better in the WB than in the Zn group. Mortality, egg production, and egg quality were not significantly different among the molting methods. As a result, the WB molting program was the best method for postmolt production among the programs examined.     

基于DEM-CFD耦合的气吸式酸枣捡拾装置的优化设计

针对目前酸枣的收获主要依赖人工的问题,研究一种气吸式酸枣捡拾机械装置。分析酸枣的物理特性,计算酸枣的悬浮速度、流体域压降变化,通过逆向技术、三维图像重建获取酸枣的点云数据,并对酸枣的点云数据进行降噪处理,建立酸枣三维模型。通过Edem-Fluent气固耦合软件对酸枣吸拾过程进行仿真分析,获取管径、流量、酸枣速度、接触力等参数,利用响应面分析对参数进行优化,并研制酸枣捡拾机进行试验。分析表明,流量是影响捡拾效率的主要因素,管径是影响酸枣破损的主要因素,仿真结果和试验表明气吸式酸枣捡拾装置最佳管径0.11 m,最佳流量0.28 m3·s^-1。该装置能降低酸枣采收成本,缩短酸枣采收周期,同时提高捡拾效率。     

一个崭新的研究视角:农业生产可持续性对气候变化响应的定量评价

气候条件及其变化是构成地理环境诸要素的最敏感、最活跃的因子,对人类农业生产的发展影响也最为明显。然而,气候变化体现在时间和空间两个尺度上。在时间尺度上,气候变化是同一个地区的不同历史时期的气候特征;在空间尺度上,气候变化是不同地区的同一个历史时期的气候特征。不同的连接区域的气候构成的气候变化序列可以替代同一个区域的历史时期的气候变化序列,因为它们的变化都是连续的。基于此思想,选择气候条件明显不同的两个区域(分别用我国南方的和北方的两个省代替),分别模拟不同的气候条件利用现代的统计数据,构建农业生产可持续性评价指标,利用主成分分析和多元回归等定量方法,并通过对数据进行处理,剔除耕地面积减少、土地利用、管理、地形特征等诸多因素的影响,以定量研究探讨气候变化(可能是渐变或跳跃性的突变转型)对农业生产可持续性的影响。研究表明:当气候条件转好时,自然环境条件对农业生产的作用减小;农业社会和农业产出状况对农业生产的作用也减小;人们会有选择地耕种农业劳动生产率水平相对较高的土地。当气候条件变差时,自然环境条件对农业生产的限制作用增强;农业产出和农业社会状况对农业生产发展的作用增大;人们更多关注农业人均产出水平和农村社会生产状况,对农业劳动生产率状况的关注严重减少。     

山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引作用研究

采用两侧吸引作用试验测定天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans在田间对山楂叶螨的搜索和控制能力。结果表明:山楂叶螨不同螨态对胡瓜钝绥螨均有显著的吸引作用,排泄物对胡瓜钝绥螨没有明显的吸引作用。山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的这种吸引作用说明胡瓜钝绥螨在田间具有自动搜索山楂叶螨的能力,可用于山楂叶螨的生物防治。     

三种赤眼蜂对不同密度大豆食心虫卵的寄生反应及其自身密度的干扰效应

为评估赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫的生物防治潜能,采用室内接虫法和数学模型拟合法分别研究了黏虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma leucaniae、玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniae和螟黄赤眼蜂T.chilonis对自然寄主大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella卵的寄生反应及其自身密度对寄主防控效果的影响。结果表明,3种赤眼蜂寄生大豆食心虫卵的数量均表现出随寄主密度的增大而增加的趋势,除寄主密度20粒卵外,3种赤眼蜂在其它寄主密度下的寄生数量均无显著差异。自身密度对3种赤眼蜂寄生作用均存在明显的干扰效应,表现出寻找效应随自身密度增加而降低的趋势,Hassell模型和Beddington模型均能较好地拟合赤眼蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度的关系,黏虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂的寻找系数Q和攻击率a分别为0.3289、0.3270、0.2906和0.3267、0.3243、0.2853。在自身密度干扰作用下,3种赤眼蜂中,黏虫赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫表现出较好的防控潜能。     

Predicting effective doses for the joint action of two fungicide applications

A function was derived to predict fungicide efficacy when more than one application of a single active ingredient is made to a crop, given parameters describing the dose–response curves of the component single-spray applications. In the function, a second application is considered to act on that proportion of the total pathogen population which was uncontrollable at the time of the first application (represented by the lower asymptote of the dose–response curve for the first treatment), plus any additional part of the population which survived the first application as a result of a finite dose being applied. Data to estimate the single-spray dose–response curve parameters and validate predictions of two-spray programme efficacy were obtained from separate subsets of treatments in four field experiments. A systemic fungicide spray was applied to wheat at a range of doses, at one or both of two times (t₁ and t₂), in all dose combinations. Observed values of the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for septoria leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) were used to construct response surfaces of dose at t₁ by dose at t₂ for each culm leaf layer. Parameters were estimated from single-spray and zero-dose treatment data only. The model predicted a high proportion (R² = 71–95%) of the variation in efficacy of the two-spray programmes. AUDPC isobols showed that the dose required at t₂ was inversely related to the dose at t₁, but the slope of the relationship varied with the relative timings of t₁ and t₂ in relation to culm leaf emergence. Isobols were curved, so the effective dose – the total dose required to achieve a given level of disease suppression – was lower when administered as two applications.     

不同山葡萄品种光响应模型拟合及综合评价

为筛选最适合山葡萄的光合-光响应模型和光能利用效果最佳的山葡萄品种,选取'北冰红"双红'左优红"雪兰红"北国红'和'双丰'6个山葡萄品种,利用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线修正模型和指数函数模型4个光响应模型,通过因子分析对最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、表观量子效率(α)、暗呼吸速率(Rdark)、光补...     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌全细胞催化合成Levan果聚糖条件优化分析

试验旨在探究微生物合成Levan果聚糖的新途径并优化其合成条件。利用转入果聚糖蔗糖转移酶基因的重组谷氨酸棒状杆菌进行全细胞催化合成Levan果聚糖,并采用响应面法以Levan果聚糖产量为响应值优化催化合成条件。首先设计Plackett-Burman试验从7个相关因素（蔗糖浓度、菌体浓度、转化时间、转化pH、PBS中Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度、Levan果聚糖提取时的乙醇终浓度）中筛选出影响Levan果聚糖产量的3个主要因素（蔗糖浓度、乙醇终浓度和Ca²⁺浓度）;再用筛选出的3个最重要因素进行最陡爬坡试验逼近最大响应值区域;最后运用BBD响应面法优化确定3个主要因素之间的交互作用和最佳合成条件。结果显示,初始试验中Levan果聚糖平均产量为0.069 g/mL。经过响应面试验优化对利用重组谷氨酸棒状杆菌进行全细胞催化合成Levan果聚糖产量影响最大的因素为蔗糖浓度,其次为提取时的乙醇终浓度,最后是转化液中的Ca²⁺浓度。当蔗糖浓度为52.71%、乙醇终浓度为85.31%、Ca²⁺浓度为0.04 g/L时,利用重组谷氨酸棒状杆菌进行全细胞催化合成的Levan果聚糖产量平均值为0.238 g/mL,与模型预测最大值0.233 g/mL相近,转化率约为44%,转化率较初始试验提高了约1.9倍,产量亦较初始试验提高了约3.4倍。研究结果为Levan果聚糖工业化生产提供了依据,并为其在动物医学和营养方面的研究奠定基础。     

GPX4失活通过JNK通路缓解LPS诱导巨噬细胞炎症反应

【目的】研究硒蛋白谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidases 4,GPX4)失活如何参与调控脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症反应及其潜在的分子机制。【方法】体外培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,以DMSO为对照,使用0.1～5.0μmol/L GPX4抑制剂FIN56处理,通过CCK-8法检测细胞活力和Western blotting检测GPX4蛋白表达水平,确定抑制剂最适浓度。将RAW264.7巨噬细胞分为4组：对照组,添加DMSO培养24 h; FIN56(GPX4抑制剂)组,添加0.5μmol/L FIN56培养24 h; DMSO-LPS组,DMSO培养24 h后使用LPS(100 ng/mL)刺激3 h; FIN56-LPS组,FIN56培养24 h后使用LPS刺激3 h。各组细胞经培养后,利用荧光探针2′,7′-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2′,7′-dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate, H₂DCFDA)检测细胞内活性氧(reactive...