草坪草抗旱生理与节水技术研究进展

针对当前绿地草坪建设中水资源不足问题，分别论述了干旱胁迫对草坪草生长发育的影响及草坪草抵抗干旱的生理机制。并从节水灌溉、节水抗旱型品种选育、抗旱保水剂和草坪管理措施等方面综述了近年来在草坪业上的相关节水技术。     

Digestive Physiology and the Role of Microorganisms

The gastrointestinal tract contains within it a microenvironment of bacteria that influences the host animal in many ways. The microflora can metabolize several nutrients that the host cannot digest and converts these to end products (such as short-chain fatty acids), a process that has a direct impact on digestive physiology. The microbiota directs the assembly of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, helps educate the immune system, affects the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, modulates proliferation and differentiation of its epithelial lineages, regulates angiogenesis, modifies the activity of the enteric nervous system, and plays a key role in extracting and processing nutrients consumed in the diet. Despite these important effects, the mechanisms by which the gut microbial community influences host biology remain almost entirely unknown. Recent molecular-based investigations have confirmed the species diversity and metabolic complexity of gut microflora, although there is much work to be done to understand how they relate to each other as well as the host animal. It is almost a century ago that Eli Metchnikoff proposed the revolutionary idea to consume viable bacteria to promote health. Since that time, the area known as probiotics has made dramatic progress, particularly during the past 2 decades. The last 20 yr have also seen the emergence of a new, related area of study—prebiotics. Use of these 2 ideas—providing live nonpathogenic bacteria as well as substrates for their growth—have potential to help optimize the health of animals by manipulating the gastrointestinal tract in positive ways.     

一氧化碳对切花月季瓶插寿命和抗氧化代谢的影响

 研究了不同浓度(0.001、0.01和0.1μmol·L ^{- 1} ) 的外源一氧化碳(CO) 供体高铁血红素(Hematin, H) 对切花月季‘影星’的瓶插寿命和抗氧化代谢的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, CO供体在0.001～0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}范围内, 随使用浓度的提高延长了切花月季的瓶插寿命, 其中0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}处理效果最明显, 而0.1μmol·L ^{- 1}的处理反而缩短切花月季的瓶插寿命。进一步研究发现, H 0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}处理还不同程度地上调前期过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性, 显著降低MDA含量。     

杨幼树水分生理指标和光合强度与土壤含水量关系的研究

应用盆栽法研究了土壤含水量与杨幼树的水分饱和亏缺,叶水势,蒸腾强度和光合强度各项指标的关系。通过研究,划定了水分胁迫等级,适宜、基本适宜和不适宜杨树生长的土壤含水量界限,还划定了需要灌溉补水的土壤含水量临界值及补水后应达到的界限。     

唐菖蒲不同品种生理特性及栽培适应性的研究

１９９３～１９９７年研究表明,在贵阳地区,适应性较强的唐菖蒲浅色花品种的休眠球茎、发芽种球、幼苗期球茎及幼苗根的超氧化物歧化酶活性高于适应性较弱的深色花品种,而深色花品种的开花期母球、新球、新根、茎、叶、花药的蛋白质含量以及上部叶片的光饱和点、净光合速率、光呼吸速率、暗呼吸速率高于浅色花品种,花瓣的蛋白质含量低于浅色花品种。由此推测,唐菖蒲不同品种的栽培适应性差异与以上生理生化性状差异有关。     

内蒙古平原灌区春小麦高产优化栽培的生理基础研究

通过连续两年的试验研究，初步阐明了内蒙古平原灌区春小麦实现单产 ６ ０００ｋｇ·ｈｍ~２以上优化栽培的光合性能、氮磷钾营养、产量形成等变化规律，并提出相应的综合农艺栽培措施组合方案，为指导本地区生产实践提供了理论依据。     

暗期间断在植物生长发育中的应用研究(英文)

暗期间断属于光周期调控技术,被广泛应用于植物的生长发育研究。通过对暗期间断的类型、应用和机理三个方面研究成果进行了综述,其中在暗期间断类型部分总结了光质、间断暗期的次数和间隔时间方面的研究;在暗期间断应用部分总结了在植物形态发生、生理和生物化学方面的相关研究。在此基础上,提出了暗期间断在分子生物学研究及森林资源保护中的应用前景。     

Responses of Components of Antioxidant System in Moongbean Genotypes to Cadmium Stress

Four genotypes (Pusa 9531, Pusa 9072, Pusa Vishal, PS‐16) of moongbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] grown in earthen pots were treated with cadmium at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg^?1 soil. Cadmium tolerance (CdT), the ability of a plant to maintain growth at high levels of cadmium (Cd), was calculated as the ratio of dry‐matter production in the untreated and the Cd‐treated soils. The moongbean genotypes showed a differential response to Cd concentrations; Pusa 9531 was identified as Cd tolerant, whereas PS 16 was Cd susceptible. To find out the physiological basis of these differences, we investigated the possible role of antioxidant (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) defense systems. Activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and the amounts of ascorbate and glutathione were monitored in the Cd‐tolerant and Cd‐sensitive moongbean genotypes. The results revealed the presence of a strong antioxidant defense system in the Cd‐tolerant genotype (Pusa 9531) for providing adequate protection against oxidative stress caused by Cd.     

杉木半穿刺线虫病的研究

近几年,我们对杉木普遍生长衰退及杉苗死亡进行研究,新发现了杉木半穿刺线虫病,病原线虫鉴定为Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb。通过定点定时定量系统观测,该线虫在福建年发生10代左右,种群数量自然消长与气温星正相关,与杉木根萌发相一致,单卵培养计测,雌雄比为56:1,线虫最高发育温度为35℃,卵的致死温度为40℃。林地对比定时定量调查表明,虫口密度南坡最大,并随林龄增加而增大。在土壤中垂直分布可达1.2m,而30—40cm土层中虫口数最大,杉木与阔叶树混交较纯杉林虫口数下降26—72％。通过生理生化试验测出,病、健根的呼吸强度、N、P、K和蛋白质含量、酶的活性均差异明显。从病根分离和纯化真菌区系,经对比接种,发现线虫寄生利于镰刀菌入侵。病菌经40—50℃温水浸根10—15min可直接杀死线虫。分别将每亩3kg呋喃丹,6kg甲胺磷,2kg涕灭威用于区组、盆栽和大面积防治,效果为70—80％,发现新寄主还有柳杉和野柿子。     

中亚热带四川桤木与台湾桤木幼林的光合生态特性

四川桤木与台湾桤木是湖南乃至亚热带地区极具发展前景的阔叶纸浆原料林树种.为了系统研究四川桤木与台湾桤木在湖南的适应性,对四川桤木、台湾桤木4年生幼林的主要光合特性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)两种桤木的光合作用日变化有单峰与双峰曲线两种类型,四川桤木光合作用日变化在6月、9月净光合速率呈双峰曲线型,4月和10月、11月净光合速率呈单峰曲线型;台湾桤木净光合速率日变化在4月、6月、10月和11月呈双峰曲线型,而9月份净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线型.一年中以6月份的净光合速率峰值最高,分别达18.68和23.51μmol/m2.s,10月或11月最低.(2)两种桤木光照强度日变化始终成单峰曲线,只是峰值出现的时间不同,在4月、6月和9月,光照强度峰值在中午12:00~13:00出现,10月光照强度以中午12:00最高,11月13:00最高;一年中,光照强度峰值6月份最高(1 800μmol/m2.s),11月份的最小,仅1 260μmol/m2.s.(3)气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶面水气压亏缺的日变化与季节变化趋势规律和净光合速率一致,两种桤木的蒸腾速率和叶面水气压亏缺的日变化有单峰与双峰曲线两种类型;一年中两种桤木蒸腾速率峰值均以6月份的的峰值最高为8.10 mol/m2.s(台湾桤木)和6.38 mol/m2.s(四川桤木),其次是4月份,在11月份的蒸腾速率的峰值最小;两种桤木的叶面水气压亏缺峰值均以6月最高,其次是9月、10月,生长初期的4月份和末期的11月份较小.(4)四川桤木光饱和点为262~468μmol/m2.s,光补偿点介于11~104μmol/m2.s,不同部位的叶片和不同季节的光饱和点和光补偿点均有差异;台湾桤木的光饱和点介于288~409μmol/m2.s,光补偿点为14~102μmol/m2.s,二种桤木具有较低的光补偿点,即利用弱光的能力较强.