大气CO2浓度升高对植物细根影响的研究进展

细根是调节生态系统C平衡的主要组分之一，大气CO2浓度升高对细根影响研究已成为当前全球变化背景下关注的热门课题之一，为此从以下几个方面就大气CO2浓度升高对细根的影响研究进展进行了综述：（1）CO2浓度升高对细根生长动态的影响；（2）CO2浓度升高对细根生理特性的影响；（3）CO2浓度升高对细根组分、分泌物、菌根的影响。由于细根生长受较多因素影响，使得研究结果也表现多样性，此外目前的研究技术和方法也存在一些缺陷，因此如何在非干扰环境条件下开展CO2浓度升高对细根影响的研究，是当前研究地下生态学过程面临的难题之一。     

热应激对绵羊行为及生理的影响

绵羊属恒温动物,为保证健康、生存及繁殖需要,其体温通常保持在一个较窄的生理范围。一般条件下绵羊会通过自身的散热和产热两种途径来缓冲热应激并维持自身热平衡。这种热平衡调节机制受下丘脑调控,同时,热应激会增加机体内热并影响热交换的调控,进而影响家畜的行为及生理机能,并导致体重、平均日增重降低,严重时可影响到家畜健康与繁殖。但这种影响会因品种、饲养方式及个体的不同而有所不同。     

31种常见抗菌中药对DPPH自由基清除作用的分析

采用乙醇提取法提取31种常见水产抗菌中草药中的抗氧化活性物质,采用DPPH自由基分析法测定各提取液抗氧化活性的强弱,并与茶多酚进行比较,以分析其对DPPH自由基的清除作用。结果表明,知母、白头翁和五味子3种中草药具有良好的清除自由基的作用。     

草莓枯萎病菌抗多菌灵突变体ZY-R的生理生化特性研究

为明确抗多菌灵草莓枯萎病菌(ZY-R)菌株的生理生化特性,分析其可能的抗性机制,以课题组获得的抗多菌灵达53.91倍的ZY-R菌株及其敏感菌株(ZY)为研究材料,比较了ZY-R与ZY在苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)活力及相对渗率等方面的差异。结果表明:以清水和不同浓度多菌灵处理两菌株1.5~24 h后,ZY-R体内的POD和PAL活力始终高于ZY的;敏、抗菌株间POD活力的差异远大于PAL。在处理时间内,PAL活力先上升后下降,6 h达到最高值;而POD活力一直处于上升状态,24 h达到最高值,且敏、抗菌株之间的差异达到最大,25 mg/L条件下ZY-R的POD活力为ZY的2.26倍;此外,与ZY相比,ZY-R可以渗出更多的电解质。     

丙烯和1-MCP对不同耐贮性柿果实采后生理变化的影响

【目的】探讨丙烯和1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)对不同耐贮性柿果实采后生理变化的影响,为不同品种柿果实的采后贮藏保鲜提供参考。【方法】以耐贮性差的‘富平尖柿’和耐贮性强的‘干帽盔’为试材,于八成熟时期采收果实后分别经丙烯和1-MCP处理,以不处理的果实为对照,每3d测定1次果实硬度、呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率、ACC合成酶(ACS)和ACC氧化酶(ACO)活性的变化。【结果】2个品种柿果实在贮藏期间硬度不断下降,硬度降至2kg/cm2的时间以‘富平尖柿’早于‘干帽盔’,‘富平尖柿’的呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰较‘干帽盔’出现早且峰值更高;2种试材ACS、ACO活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,但‘富平尖柿’的2种酶活性高峰均显著高于‘干帽盔’。1-MCP能显著减缓果实硬度的下降(但品种间差异不大),可显著降低呼吸强度和乙烯释放速率,抑制ACS、ACO的活性。丙烯可显著加速果实的软化,对呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率和2种酶活性的促进作用在‘富平尖柿’上表现得更为明显。【结论】‘富平尖柿’对乙烯类似物丙烯的响应较‘干帽盔’更为敏感。1-MCP处理柿果实软化的抑制效果在‘富平尖柿’上的表现优于‘干帽盔’。     

日粮添加豆油和胡麻油对肉牛瘤胃发酵及主要微生物数量的影响

 【目的】评价日粮添加植物油对瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物区系的影响。【方法】采用3×3拉丁方设计，用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂交肉牛研究不添加油脂（对照组）、添加4％豆油（豆油组）或4％胡麻油（胡麻油组）对瘤胃pH值、NH3-N浓度、VFA以及瘤胃细菌和原虫的影响。3组日粮精粗比均为35﹕65，每期试验为21d，共3期。【结果】添加油脂对瘤胃内pH值没有影响(P＞0.05)；对照组和胡麻油组瘤胃NH3-N浓度显著高于豆油组(P＜0.05)；与对照组相比，豆油组和胡麻油组显著降低了瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性酸浓度以及总细菌、蛋白分解菌、纤维分解菌及原虫的数量(P＜0.05)，但对乙酸与丙酸比例以及淀粉分解菌数量两个指标组间无显著差异(P＞0.05)。对照组、豆油组和胡麻油组纤维分解菌和原虫的数量依次分别为6.79×108、5.71×108、5.92×108；10.67×104、7.11×104、9.56×104 CFU•ml-1；两个加油组显著降低了瘤胃纤维分解菌和原虫数(P＜0.05)。【结论】日粮添加4％豆油和胡麻油对瘤胃发酵及主要微生物都有一定的抑制效应，但二者抑制效应大小无显著差异。     

复水处理对结缕草草坪质量和生理恢复的影响

干旱是限制草坪草生长的重要环境因子,长期干旱胁迫后复水草坪草恢复生长对于维持草坪质量是非常重要的。本研究以抗旱性不同的青岛结缕草(Zoysia japonica ‘Qingdao’)和沟叶结缕草(Z.matralla)为试验材料,研究干旱后复水处理过程中草坪质量和草坪草生理指标(叶片水势、叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性、相对电导率和丙二醛含量)的变化。结果显示,两种草坪草在复水处理过程中,草坪质量、水势、叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶活性逐渐升高,相对电导率和MDA含量逐渐降低;在15 d时,两种结缕草均没有恢复到对照水平。两种草坪草相比较,抗旱性较强的沟叶结缕草草坪质量、叶片水势、叶绿素含量、CAT酶活性恢复较快,在复水过程中细胞膜透性和MDA含量始终小于抗旱性较弱的青岛结缕草,说明抗旱性较强的沟叶结缕草复水处理时具有较好的恢复能力。     

香鱼嗜水气单胞菌人工染病后血液生理生化指标变化

从患病香鱼的体腔液中分离获得嗜水气单胞菌病原,经培养稀释的菌液,腹腔注射人工感染健康香鱼,出现典型的出血症后,进行血液生理生化指标的测定。结果发现,病鱼红细胞数量为(1.21±0.08)×1012个/L,血栓细胞数量(189.00±5.19)×1012个/L,较健康香鱼红细胞[(2.41±0.16)×1012个/L]、血栓细胞[(380.0±20.00)×1012个/L]呈极显著降低(P0.01),血红蛋白含量呈显著减少(P0.05),而白细胞数量却显著增加(P0.05)。染病香鱼总蛋白为(47.56±2.63)g/L,健康鱼为(49.23±3.06)g/L,经检验无显著差异;而碱性磷酸酶、Cl-、Ca2+等3项血液生化指标值均呈极显著减少(P0.01),乳酸脱氢酶呈极显著增加(P0.01)。     

Short‐term physiological role of thyroxine administration on plasma metabolites and growth performance of Sterlet sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus

Thyroid hormones (THs) play important roles in regulating growth, development and physiological functions in vertebrates. To study the role of short‐term effects of thyroxine (T4) on metabolism and growth in female Sterlet sturgeon, thirty fish with a weight of 707.97 ± 37.15 g were divided into six tanks. Fish were injected intraperitoneal with (a) coconut oil alone (control), (b) 1 mg T4 kg per BW in coconut oil (T₁) and (c) 10 mg T4 kg per BW in coconut oil (T₁₀). Blood samples were collected at 0, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 60 days for plasma biochemical analysis, and body length and mass were determined at day 60. Based on results, higher growth was indicated in T₁₀ group. The highest T4 levels were observed on day 4 in the T₁ and T₁₀ treatments and gradually declined during the trial. Plasma T3 levels were highest on days 4 and 7 in the T₁ and T₁₀ groups, respectively. Plasma triglyceride levels were significantly elevated on day 28 in the T₁ group and on day 60 in the T₁₀ group. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly elevated on days 7 and 14 in T₁₀ group. Overall, the present results suggest that a single injection of T4 can improve growth via changes in the metabolic profile of Sterlet sturgeon.     

Effects of canola meal on physiological and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Rainbow trout (initial body weight 4.16 ± 0.25 g) were fed diets [crude protein 420 g kg^?1; gross energy 18.7 MJ kg^?1 dry matter (DM); crude fat 110 g kg^?1] containing graded levels of either a canola meal (crude protein 350 g kg^?1 DM) supplemented with DL‐methionine as partial fish meal protein. A growth trial was conducted over 16 weeks at a water temperature of 12 ± 1 °C. At the end of the growth trial, in addition to body composition analyses, plasma tri‐iodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄), cholesterol and liver fatty acid composition were measured. Replacement of fish meal with canola meal (100–570 g kg^?1 replacement) did not affect on growth performance. At 16th week, plasma cholesterol levels were reduced in fish fed all diets in comparison with 8th week. Plasma T₄ levels were significantly higher in the canola meal‐fed fish sampled after 16 weeks, but no significant differences in T₃ levels were obtained (P > 0.05). Proximate compositions were affected by dietary treatments. The liver fatty acid composition reflected that of the diet with a higher level of polyunsaturated (n‐6) fatty acids in fish fed diet canola meal and a higher content in n‐3/n‐6 ratio in fish fed diet without canola meal. These studies show that canola meal has potential to replace substantial levels of fish meal in diets for carnivorous fish without compromising performance.