In vitro dose–response of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and interaction of combinations for the antimicrobial activity against the pig gut flora

In vitro simulations of the gastric and small intestinal fermentation with varying doses of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde and binary combinations thereof were carried out to calculate dose–response equations for the antimicrobial effect against the main pig gut flora components. Interaction effects were evaluated following the isobole method. In gastric simulations eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde showed clearly less inhibitory activity towards lactobacilli than carvacrol and thymol, which could also be observed in the small intestinal simulations. The minimum concentration for carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde in small intestinal simulations to reduce the number of total anaerobic bacteria compared to control with a probability of 99.7% was 255, 258, 223 and 56 mg/l respectively. This strong activity of trans-cinnamaldehyde was due to its effect against coliform bacteria; a dose of 104 mg/l gave a reduction of 1 log CFU/ml vs. 371, 400 and 565 mg/l for carvacrol, thymol and eugenol respectively. Few combinations demonstrated synergism; most mixtures showed zero interaction or antagonism. Only carvacrol + thymol was slightly synergistic.     

Eucalyptus camaldulensis properties for use in the eradication of infections

Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis), called the eucalyptus has so many characteristics such as antimicrobial features. Common names include red gum, red chewing gum, river chewing gum, red chewing gum. Its class is Eucalyptus, which is comprised of 800 species worldwide, but three or four species are found in Australia. This tree generally grows on the edge of rivers with continuous or seasonal water. Most of the gray clay soils run along the riverside and are exposed to frequent floods, and clay content can save more water into the tree. Pharmacy departments and research groups have focused their attention on the cultivation and production of medicinal plants in many countries. Since plants, due to their particular nature, have inevitable the presence of certain defense mechanisms and antimicrobial agents in the form of androgens, they can be considered as a potential source of antimicrobial compounds. The active ingredient of these plants is primarily alkaloids, flavonoids, pigments, phenolics, terpenes, starches, steroids and essential oils. Recent studies have exhibited its antimicrobial effects against bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral agents. In this study the effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacterbaumannii, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp., Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, A. aegypti, A. albopictus, Culex pipiens, Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania major, Trichomonas. Vaginalis, poliovirus type 1, coxsackie virus B, echovirus 6, West Nile Virus, herpes virus type 1, HSV-1 virus, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, C. albicans, Alternaria alternata, Setosphaeria turcica and Magnaporthe grisea was revealed.     

Recent developments in equine dentistry

ABSTRACT

Equine dentistry is a rapidly developing clinical specialty. It has benefitted from key advances in anatomical and physiological research, development of equipment and instrumentation, utilisation of standing sedation and anaesthesia protocols, a change towards minimally invasive surgical techniques, and the introduction of restorative and endodontic techniques translated from techniques used in human and canine dentistry. Anatomical research has provided further insight into the endodontic system of incisors and cheek teeth and how it changes throughout development with age. Studies of the periodontium have demonstrated a rich vascular supply and repair capacity. Routine dental visits are increasingly being performed utilising sedation and clinical instruments for routine examinations. Equipment has become more efficient, battery-operated and miniaturised giving benefits to both equine dental maintenance work and advanced techniques, assisting the transition to minimally invasive techniques, and the development of endodontic and restorative dentistry. Diagnosis has also benefitted from advances in equipment such as patient-side digital radiography systems, high definition oroscopy, and small diameter flexible fibrescopes that are capable of visualising inside a pulp canal. Dental units combining endodontic high- and low-speed drills, suction and air or water flush are becoming increasingly used and adapted for equine use. Sedative combinations and standing anaesthesia protocols have meant that revisions of traditional techniques, as well as novel techniques, can be performed with almost no requirement for general anaesthesia. Equine dentistry can only continue to advance in this way if there is early identification of dental disease through clinical oral examinations, leading to a system based on prophylaxis, as in human dentistry. This necessitates a change in attitude of the public and industry in general to a proactive approach, with early intervention based on examination and diagnostic findings of practitioners and not necessarily based on the clinical signs displayed by the patient.     

Antimicrobial resistances,and molecular typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolates,separated from food-producing animals and diarrhea patients in Iran

The aims of this study were to regain new epidemiology information about frequency, drug resistance rates, and typing of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) isolates, obtained from some poultry and cattle farms, slaughterhouses, and people with diarrhea. In this regard, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of several antibiotics and the associated antibiotic resistance genes, including tetO, tetA, cmeB, and bla_OXA-61 were evaluated. The isolates were also typed, using the Fla-RFLP method. Generally, between 233 food animal samples, 80 (34.33%) C. jejuni were isolated. Moreover, 20 out of 74 (27%) human specimens suspected to infectious diarrhea were C. jejuni positive. High frequencies of resistance to tetracycline (100%), ciprofloxacin (95%), and nalidixic acid (86%), and low frequencies of resistance to florfenicol (0%), erythromycin (5%), and gentamicin (8%) were observed. Furthermore, in the tetracycline-resistant isolates, the existences of tetO, tetA, and cmeB were 86%, 23%, and 48%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the cluster types obtained from Fla-RFLP method and antibiotic resistance pattern. The results suggested that the genomic link between Campylobacter spp. should be always evaluated in each country to provide an insight about the Campylobacter spp., spread in the region, in order to implement the health-controlling programs efficiently.     

In vitro susceptibilities of field isolates of Mycoplasma agalactiae

In order to determine how widespread antibiotic resistance has become to standard treatments, the in vitro susceptibilities of 28 Mycoplasma agalactiae Spanish field isolates to 16 antimicrobial agents were determined using a broth microdilution method. The most effective antimicrobials based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)₉₀ values were fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and macrolides. Two strains were tetracycline resistant. Streptomycin, erythromycin and nalidixic acid resistance was observed in all strains.     

Successful Treatment of Disseminated Nocardiosis Caused by Nocardia veterana in a Dog

A 5‐year‐old male castrated Lhasa Apso cross was evaluated for a 1‐month history of inappetence, lethargy, gagging, and progressive right thoracic limb lameness. Synovial fluid analysis revealed nonseptic suppurative inflammation, and a diagnosis of immune‐mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) was made. After 3 months of treatment with prednisone and later cyclosporine, the dog developed multiple firm cutaneous and subcutaneous masses and a focal mass within the jejunum. Cultures of blood, urine, skin lesions, and the jejunal mass identified Nocardia veterana by matrix‐absorption laser desorption ionization‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) and allowed for earlier identification of the organism compared to more traditional secA1 gene sequencing. Immunosuppressive drug treatment was discontinued, and the dog was treated for 3 months by administration of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMS). No recurrence of clinical signs was reported 1 year later. This case report highlights the clinical utility of MALDI‐TOF MS, particularly for the rapid identification of slow‐growing, fastidious organisms.     

植物源抑菌物质的筛选及其应用

本试验主要研究了植物源抗菌物质特性,筛选可替代抗生素的原料。利用药敏试验（标准菌株大肠杆菌各型、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌及霉菌）及临床攻毒试验对12种常见中草药进行研究分析。结果表明,12种单味中草药的粗提物中黄连、夏枯草、黄芩、连翘、石榴皮对大肠杆菌均有抑制作用,且效果明显强于其他提取液;临床试验结果表明黄芩、夏枯草、连翘和金银花对鸡的攻毒保护率高于感染对照组5%～10%。