牧场土壤含水率与坚实度空间变异与相关性分

利用土壤水分/圆锥指数复合测量装置,应用精细农作技术体系网格定点测量与GPS定位,在一块面积约1.27 hm2的草地上获取了土壤含水率与坚实度空间分布基础数据,并针对采样过程中出现的数据缺失,用偏最小二乘法对数据进行修补.然后运用克里格插值法进行数字化成图,并在此基础上分别对含水率与坚实度的空间变异性及两者的相关性做了分析.     

基于GIS的地统计学方法在土壤科学中的应用

地统计学应用于土壤科学中,并结合GIS(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术探索其空间分布特征及其变异规律已为越来越多的学者所推崇。半方差函数提供了一个定量工具,可以将土壤某一性质的变异与成土因子和成土过程联系起来,使人们加深对土壤的作用后果的理解,而克立格可以对未采样区的区域化变量的取值进行无偏最优估计。通过介绍基于GIS的地统计学方法在土壤水盐空间变异、养分空间分布特征、重金属污染调查等方面的研究,进一步说明了地统计学在未来土壤科学发展中广阔的应用前景。     

基于高分遥感影像的亚高寒草甸土壤水分含量反演

通过高分卫星遥感影像计算植被供水指数来反演亚高寒草甸土壤水分含量,结合高分辨率遥感影像(GF-2)和中分辨率的遥感影像(Landsat-7)进行土壤水分反演模型建模验证,揭示高分遥感影像结合植被供水指数法在青藏高原东北缘亚高寒草甸草原上的适用性,同时分析研究区土壤水分分布及其影响因素。基于高分二号（GF-2）、Landsat-7影像数据,以甘南藏族自治州当周草原为研究区,利用植被供水指数（VSWI, vegetation supply water index）构建土壤水分反演模型得到研究区土壤水分含量反演图,通过半方差函数及主成分分析法探索研究区土壤水分空间分布及影响因素。结果表明：研究区土壤水分含量分布状态呈现出一定程度的空间变异,体现在整个研究区内以及各个地块之间,土壤水分含量主要介于0.11%~60.44%之间;土壤水分含量与坡度、海拔、坡向、NDVI、地表温度均呈正相关关系,分布主要受NDVI、坡向、坡度、海拔的影响。综上,利用植被供水指数法结合高分遥感影像监测土壤水分含量是可行的,基于GF-2遥感影像所建立的模型拟合度最优,较Landsat-7遥感影像更具优势。     

Variability of acetone in milk in a large low-production dairy herd: a longitudinal case study

The objective of this study was to relate acetone in milk with cow and management factors in one low producing dairy herd (5260 kg milk per 305-day lactation). Milk acetone was measured in regular monthly milk samples one to three times within 100 days of lactation in 4433 lactations (2639 cows, 7800 measurements) from one herd over a period of 32 months (1988-91). Associations between milk acetone and cow factors and surrogate measures of management were evaluated by variance components of multiple fixed effect models. Lactation stage, calendar month of study, production groups and milk yield were strong, and percentage milk fat and parity were weak predictors of milk acetone. There was a trend of increasing body weight loss from the first to the second month of lactation with increasing milk acetone level. A substantial increase in milk production in 1991 was accompanied by an almost twofold rise in milk acetone. It was concluded that environmental parameters had strong relationships with milk acetone even in this low-producing herd.     

Monitoring and identification of residues of anabolic preparations in slaughtered cattle by HPLC with diode array detection

Summary

The new combination of isocratic high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on line UV spectrum detection via a diode array configuration has been applied to the detection and identification of anabolics present in application sites of cattle.

Combination of the characteristic retention time in the HPLC chromatogram and a comparison of the full spectrum between 190–400 nm of the anabolic components with that of a standard resulted in a very reliable identification. By means of this method 117 samples of application sites were investigated for the presence of anabolic residues. Of the xenobiotic anabolics, 19‐nortestosterone (NT) was found most frequently (in 96 cases), whereas diethylstilbestrol (DES) was found in only 11 cases.

In all samples the identification of NT and DES was confirmed by high resolution gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GCMS).     

Variability of pesticide residues in crop units

The results of 89 new field trials and 11 supervised trials were considered, together with 91 sets of residue data evaluated earlier. The datasets consisted of 22,643 valid residue data. As all variability factors calculated from individual sample sets are affected by the uncertainties of sampling and analysis, the average of the P(0.975)/R(ave) (97.5th percentile of the residue population divided by the average residues in the lot) values gives the best estimate for the variability factor. The Harrell-Davis (H-D) method gave an average value of 2.89 for the variability factor for all samples, while the average variability factors obtained from samples derived from the new field and supervised trials were 2.8 and 2.7 with the IUPAC and H-D methods respectively. The number of residue values below the LOQ in a sample set significantly affects the observed variability factors. It was found that datasets containing over 20% non-quantifiable residues might not reflect the true variability of the residues. Mixing of treated and non-treated commodities may significantly increase the apparent variability. Consequently, only datasets of known origin and consisting of well-quantifiable residues should be used for estimation of the variability factor. Samples taken from marketed lots may not represent a single lot, and thus they have limited value in estimating the variability factor. The large number of residue data confirms the applicability of the default variability factor of 3 adopted by the FAO/WHO for deterministic estimation of the acute intake of pesticide residues.     

灌水沟微地形及断面形状变异性对灌水质量影响及敏感性分析

为研究沟灌受水界面的时空变异性对灌水质量的影响,本文通过田间试验测试了灌水前后沟底微地形及断面形状的变化情况,并对实测数据进行了计算分析。结果表明:随时间推移,在灌水等多因素的影响下,表征沟底微地形起伏状况的S_d值呈现减小趋势,平均由3.45降至1.17,变异性逐渐减小,变异系数平均由0.17降至0.09,沟底微地形逐渐趋于平整;表征沟断面形状变异情况的P_1值标准差及变异性呈现增加趋势,标准差平均由1.68增至1.95,变异系数平均由0.47增至0.53,但总体来说属弱变异性;随沟底相对高程及断面形状参数标准差的增加,灌水质量指标均呈现降低趋势;通过敏感性分析,两影响因素对灌水均匀度的影响大于灌水效率,平均敏感系数大9.46%和11.84%,且沟底微地形变异的影响大于沟断面形状变异。     

黑龙江松嫩平原土壤有效态中微量元素的空间分布特征

运用地统计学结合GIS技术研究了黑龙江松嫩平原农业区土壤中微量元素的空间分布特征,通过对数转化、域法处理和Box-Cox转化3种数据处理方法对土壤有效钙、有效镁、有效硼、有效铜和有效锌进行了正态分布性检验。结果表明,有效钙原始数据很好的服从正态分布,Box-Cox转化成功地使有效镁、有效硼、有效铜、有效锌含量数据更好的服从正态分布。应用地统计学分析方法进行了半方差函数的计算和最适合模型的拟合,得出各元素最好的理论模型,并绘制了各养分元素的空间分布图。半方差分析的结果显示,各元素具有中等空间相关性,并对造成现有空间分布特征的原因进行了分析。     

渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲植物气候生产力变化特征分析

收集位于渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲区的库车气象站和沙雅气象站1961～2000年的气温和降水实测资料,应用Thamthwaite Memorial模型计算渭于河一库车河三角洲绿洲区近40 a来自然植被净第一性气候生产力,并以回归分析和趋势线分析方法分析了其年际变化特征.结果表明:①近40 a来渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲区自然植被净第一性气候生产力呈现出明显的增长趋势,其变化倾向率为28.21 g/(m2·10a),在40 a中增加约为112.84 g/m2,近40 a来研究区自然植被净第一性气候生产力的变化趋势为自北向南显著增加.②由于研究区水热条件的不同,自然植被净第一性气候生产力有明显的区域差异,整个研究区近40 a的自然植被净第一性气候生产力平均值为123.35 g/(m2·a),北部库车县137.10 g/(m2·a),南部沙雅县110.16 g/(m2·a),即自然植被净第一性气候生产力的空间分布是北高南低.③研究区自然植被净第一性气候生产力与年降水量的相关性优于自然植被净第一性气候生产力与年均气温之闻的相关性,因为渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲是个干旱区绿洲,气候干燥,水资源短缺,降水是自然植被净第一性气候生产力的主要限制因子.