Sulphur mineralization and release of soluble organic sulphur from camp and non-camp soils of grazed pastures receiving long-term superphosphate applications

Summary Topsoils (0–75 mm) from four soil types with different sulphate retention capacities were collected from stock camp and non-camp (main grazing area) sites of grazed pastures in New Zealand which had been annually fertilized with superphosphate for more than 15 years. These soils were analysed for different S fractions and incubated at 30°C for 10 weeks using an open incubation technique in order to assess the extent of S mineralization and the release of soluble soil organic S from camp and non-camp soils during incubation. The soils were preleached with 0.01 M KCl, followed by 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ before being incubated. Pre-incubation leachates and weekly 0.01 M KCl leachates were analysed for mineralized S (i.e., hydriodic acid-reducible S) and total S. Soluble organic S was estimated as the difference between these two S fractions. Results obtained show higher cumulative amounts of all three S fractions in leachates over a 10-week incubation period in camp than in non-camp soils, suggesting that higher mineralization occurred in camp soils. Cumulative amounts of mineralized S from camp and non-camp soils showed a linear relationship with duration of incubation (R ²0.985^***), while the cumulative release of soluble organic S followed a quadratic relationship (R ²0.975^***). A significant proportion (14.6%–40.8%) of total S release in KCl leachates was soluble organic S, indcating that organic S should be taken into account when assessing S mineralization. Mineralized S and soluble organic S were best correlated with 0.01 M CaCl₂-extractable soil inorganic S (R ²=0.767^***) and 0.04 M Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-extractable soil inorganic S(R ²=0.823^***), respectively. Soil sulphate retention capacity was found to influence amounts of mineralized S and soluble organic S, and thus periodic leaching with KCl to remove mineralized S from soils may not adequately reflect the extent of soil S mineralization in high sulphate-retentive soils. In low (<10%) sulphateretentive soils, increasing the superphosphate applications from 188 to 376 kg ha^–1 year^–1 increased S mineralization but not amounts of C-bonded and hydriodic acid-reducible soil S fractions.     

动物养殖安全风险评估

针对我国动物源性产品质量安全问题,概述动物及其产品风险评估的重要作用.采用Visual Studio.NET 2008,面向对象程序设计思想的编程语言C#和.NET Framework3.5编程环境,研发了动物及其产品风险预警系统.该系统利用计算机对不同的动物的养殖环境、疫病发生及动物产品在实际生产中的数据进行风险评估.通过3个实例的演示,将风险评估应用于畜牧生产实际.结果表明,该系统简单易操作,覆盖面较广,数据采集较简易.利用风险评估模型在养殖等相关环节可控制动物及其产品的风险,减少经济损失,保障公众健康.     

产学研一体化模式在畜禽遗传资源学教学中的应用

首先分析畜禽遗传资源学的发展概况及畜禽遗传资源学教学过程中存在的问题,其次分析了近些年西南大学动物科学系在畜禽遗传资源学教学中利用产学研“三位一体”化教学模式的探索与取得的成绩,探明今后畜禽遗传资源学教学改革的方向,如改良教学内容,优化教学过程和强化学生专业技能等.     

内蒙古畜牧业产业结构灰色关联分析

根据2003～2012年相关数据,运用灰色关联模型,实证分析了内蒙古农业经济内部结构和内蒙古畜牧业产业内部结构.结果表明,畜牧业和种植业是内蒙古农业经济中最重要的2个部门;在畜牧业产业内部,奶牛、羊肉、牛肉和山羊毛生产的影响作用最明显.基于此,提出了稳定种植业和畜牧业在农业经济中的主体地位、不断调整和优化农业经济的内部结构、合理定位和引导畜牧业内部各产业的发展方向等建议.     

不同营养水平精饲料对初产萨能奶山羊生长及繁殖性能的影响

[目的]为云南省奶山羊产业的发展提供参考.[方法]在初产.萨能奶山羊日粮中添加低、中、高水平的精料,探讨不同精料水平对初产萨能奶山羊的生长及繁殖性能的影响.[结果]补饲中、高水平的精料后,初产萨能奶山羊的妊娠增重及产后失重均有一定程度提高,但其产羔率、羔羊初生重、产奶量和育成增重等繁殖性能均没有太大改善.[结论]综合考虑养殖成本及奶山羊后续生产,建议在生产中采用中营养水平精料对妊娠期和哺乳期的初产萨能奶山羊进行补饲.     

Sustainable transparent farm animal breeding and reproduction

Farm animal breeders are facing challenges. More and more powerful technologies are at their disposal for creating genetic change. At the same time, society is concerned about the impact of breeding practices and the use to which new technologies are being put. European breeders must compete in a global market. To meet these challenges, European farm animal breeders have conducted three projects to contribute to sustainable and transparent farm animal breeding and reproduction. In “Farm animal breeding and society”, an overview is presented of farm animal breeding in Europe and its technical, ethical, legal and consumer constraints and possibilities. In ‘SEFABAR’, European breeders, scientists and socio-economists have worked towards sustainable breeding and reproduction scenarios. In ‘CODE–EFABAR’, breeders aim to develop, with experts on ethics, communication and certification, and in close contact with NGOs, farmers' organisations and policy makers, a Code of Good Practice for farm animal breeding and reproduction organisations. Along this Code of Good Practice organisations will be able to explain their goals and practices to the public in a transparent way. This paper reviews these projects.     

短花针茅草原上放牧强度对绵羊生产性能的影响

1985～1989年在内蒙古农牧学院哈雅教学牧场选用杂种羯羊在短花针茅草原上进行放牧强度试验，分析各处理对绵羊生产性能的影响，旨在探讨放牧强度与绵羊生产之间的关系，确定适宜的载畜率。研究结果表明，轻度放牧的绵羊体重显著高于中度和重度放牧（P＜0．01）；放牧期间轻度放牧绵羊的总增重量显著高于重度放牧（P＜0．01），各处理间绵羊掉源量无明显差异（P＞0．05）；轻度放牧绵羊净毛量显著高于中度和重度放牧（P＜0．01），而两者之间净毛量无显著差异（P＞0．05）；经济效益分析表明，载畜率为1．07ha／只·年的中度放牧是最为经济合理的放牧强度。     

利用桑树叶资源发展畜牧业生产的可行性分析

桑树适应性广 ,我国各地均有分布 ,有些地区大面积栽培 ,主要用于养蚕生产。桑树是目前木本叶用植物中产量最高的树种之一 ,比经人工改造的南方山原草地的单位载畜量提高 5倍左右。桑叶的营养成分高于一般牧草 ,是木本植物中含量较高的树种。其粗蛋白和氨基酸总量不及大豆粉高 ,但各种氨基酸比例趋向一致 ,桑叶作为畜禽饲料养分很全面。养禽畜试验表明 ,桑叶作饲料适口性好 ,无采食障碍 ,食用后具有很高的消化率 ,品质提高……。因此 ,利用桑叶作为畜牧业的饲料非常有潜力 ,开发前景广阔。     

生长激素对蛋白质动态代谢与氨基酸利用的调控

生长激素是调节动物生长的众多激素中最重要的一种 ,它通过在肌肉与脂肪组织之间极强的营养重分配作用 ,增加体蛋白沉积 ,减少脂肪沉积 ,从而改变这两种组织的生长状况来实现其促生长功能。动物体内蛋白沉积是蛋白合成与降解同时进行的两个过程动态平衡的结果。本文综述了近年来有关生长激素对动物蛋白质动态代谢与氨基酸利用调控方面的研究结果 ,指出生长激素使蛋白质合成与降解速率均增加 ,整体蛋白质周转代谢强度加大 ,从而导致蛋白质沉积增加。     

绍兴鸭的研究现状

绍兴鸭是我国蛋用型鸭的高产品种。本文综述了绍兴鸭的选育、生长发育规律、生理生化特性、营养代谢、内分泌特点及产蛋性能。