高寒草甸植物水分利用效率研究进展

回顾了光照、温度、土壤水分和CO2浓度对高寒草甸植物水分利用效率的影响等方面的研究进展.由于高寒地区太阳辐射强,高寒草甸植物光合作用时间长,光饱和点高,植物光合作用明显表现出对低温的适应性;而适度地提高温度,植物水分利用效率增大;水分胁迫对光合作用的影响可以分为气孔限制和非气孔限制,同时水分胁迫对不同植物水分利用效率的影响不同;高寒草甸植物比低海拔地区植物利用CO2更有效,提高CO2浓度,植物水分利用效率增大.高寒草甸植物水分利用效率研究对于合理构建和恢复高寒草甸生态系统具有重要意义.     

高寒草甸土壤水分空间分布及其影响因子研究进展

高寒地区是全球气候变化极为敏感的区域,分布着大面积的高寒草句、高寒草原和沼泽类草原.近来,高寒草甸严重退化,湿地萎缩加剧.土壤水分对土壤系统养分循环和流动起着十分重要的作用.回顾了高寒草甸土壤水分空间分布及其主要影响因子,包括土壤质地、气候因子、地形、植被及人类活动等.土壤水分有其空间分布规律,随水平位置和土壤深度的变化发生相应变化.土壤质地、气候因子、地形、植被及人类活动等因子对土壤水分空间分布具有重要影响.土壤水分空间分布是各种环境因子及人类活动综合作用的结果.     

青海三江源“黑土滩”形成的自然、人为因素和生物学机制

“黑土滩”的形成有其独特的气象条件、海拔范围和区域特征,其主导因素是草场超载过牧、乱采滥挖、鼠害破坏以及冻融、风蚀和水蚀等自然因素。     

洞庭湖湿地生态系统及其评价

洞庭湖湿地是我国最重要的湿地生态系统之一,它包括了河流、淡水湖泊、淡水沼泽、以树木为主的湿地生态系统以及以芦苇为主的沼泽湿地生态系统等子系统。文章在论述洞庭湖区自然生态系统的基础上从湿地生态系统的功能性、多样性、特殊性和脆弱性等方面进行了评价。     

Variation in competitive abilities of plants and microbes for specific amino acids

 Microbes are assumed to possess strong competitive advantages over plants for uptake of nutrients from the soil. The finding that non-mycorrhizal plants can obtain a significant fraction of their N requirement from soil amino acids contradicts this assumption. The amino acid glycine (Gly) has been used as a model amino acid in many recent studies. Our preliminary studies showed that Gly was a poor substrate for microbial growth compared to other amino acids. We tested the hypothesis that the alpine sedge Kobresia myosuroides competes better for Gly than for other amino acids because of decreased microbial demand for this compound. Soil microbial populations that could grow using Gly as a sole carbon source were about 5 times lower than those that could grow on glutamate (Glu). Gly supported a significantly lower population than any of the ten other amino acids tested except serine. In contrast, K. myosuroides took up Gly from hydroponic solution at faster rates than Glu. In plant-soil microcosms, plants competed with soil microbes 3.25 times better for Gly than for Glu. We conclude that the low microbial demand and the rapid plant uptake of Gly relative to other amino acids allow Gly to be an especially important nitrogen source for K. myosuroides. Received: 9 February 1998     

海北高寒草甸矮嵩草光合日变化及与环境因子的关系

对海北高寒草甸矮嵩草光合放氧以及光照、温度和湿度等环境因子的测定结果表明,矮嵩草从早晨８：００便表现出明显的光合作用之后并缓慢上升。净光合速率至中午１２：００时达到最大,１４：００时有所下降,出现“午休”（Ｍｉｄｄａｙｄｅｐｒｅｓｉｏｎ）现象,而后又逐渐上升。表观光合量子效率在１４：００有所下降;暗呼吸速率在一天当中保持上升趋势,只是下午１８：００有所下降,与温度和相对湿度分别呈现正、负相关关系。净光合速率、表观光合量子效率和暗呼吸的速率日变化与环境因子（光照、空气温度和湿度等）有密切的关系。     

Distribution,habitat associations and conservation implications of Sri Lankan freshwater terrapins outside the protected area network

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Complementary use of natural and artificial wetlands by waterbirds wintering in Doñana,south‐west Spain

• 1. The Doñana wetland complex (SW Spain) holds more wintering waterfowl than any other wetland in Europe.
• 2. This study focused on the use made by 12 common waterbirds (eight ducks and four waders) of the natural seasonal marshes in Doñana National Park (DNP) and the adjacent Veta la Palma (VLP) fish ponds created in the early 1990s. Data used were from aerial and terrestrial surveys collected between October and February during six consecutive winters from 1998/99 to 2003/04. Changes in distribution of each bird taxon were related to changes in the extent of flooded marshes within DNP. Up to 295 000 ducks were counted in VLP during dry periods, and up to 770 000 in DNP when it was flooded.
• 3. The timing and extent of flooding in DNP was highly variable, but there was a consistent pattern in which ducks concentrated in VLP during dry months and winters but redistributed to DNP as more of it was flooded. This refuge effect was also strong for black‐tailed godwits Limosa limosa, but much less so for other waders. Waders feed mainly on invertebrates, and invertebrate biomass in VLP was found to be higher than in DNP. Ducks feed mainly on seeds and plant material, which are more abundant in DNP when flooded.
• 4. When water levels in DNP were stable over the course of a winter, or controlled for in multivariate models, the numbers of ducks at VLP declined over time, probably due to reduced availability of plant foods. In contrast, numbers of waders at VLP were more stable, and their invertebrate prey became more abundant over time, at least in the winter 2003/4.
• 5. In this extremely important wetland complex, the value of natural and artificial wetlands for wintering waterbirds are complementary, providing suitable habitat for different species and for different conditions in a highly variable Mediterranean environment.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

产漆酶真菌对高寒草甸土壤有机质矿化特性的研究

为了了解产漆酶微生物真菌对高寒草甸土壤有机质的矿化作用及其特性,实验采用室内密闭静置培养法,对添加产漆酶真菌Marasmius tricolor 310b发酵粗酶液对高寒草甸土壤生物活性有机碳库的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加产漆酶真菌Marasmius tricolor 310b发酵粗酶液后,在整个培养期内土壤CO₂释放量和微生物生物量碳含量随培养时间的延长,呈现不断下降的趋势,35 d后趋于稳定;在整个培养周期,微生物呼吸熵的变化总体呈对数降低趋势,处理组符合方程y=-9.964ln （x）+32.281（R²=0.9744）,对照组符合方程y=-9.788ln （x）+28.683（R²=0.95）,处理组土壤CO₂的累计释放量始终高于对照组（P<0.05）,说明菌株310b促进了土壤有机质矿化作用。土壤有机碳含量在培养前期开始降低,但差异不显著,15 d后处理组的土壤有机碳含量低于对照组（P<0.05）,说明不同阶段产漆酶真菌对有机质的周转速率不同,推测产漆酶真菌对有机质的转化作用与土壤环境条件有关。     

甘肃高寒牧区藏羊电刺激采精实验

为研究电刺激采精技术能否在甘肃高寒牧区藏系羊繁殖中推广应用,该技术是否对公羊精液品质和采精量有影响,项目课题组在甘肃省天祝县旦马乡进行了牧区藏羊种公羊电刺激采精实验。选择本土选育的欧拉型藏羊种公羊,配种期每日每只采精2次,即：首日（标注为d1）早上采用传统的假阴道采精法采精,下午采用电刺激法采精,次日（标注为d2）早上采用电刺激法采精,下午采用传统的假阴道采精法采精,依次不同采精方法交叉采精,减少误差,连续采精6d,及时检查采精量及精液密度、精子活力等品质。实验结果表明,甘肃天祝牧区藏羊种公羊电刺激采精所得精液量均在0.80 mL～0.96 mL之间,符合藏系羊正常精液量,平均精子活力均在0.80以上,平均精液密度均“中”以上,精液品质符合人工授精精液品质要求,可应用于藏羊繁殖生产实践。