江西省农村义务教育财政资源配置效率研究

基于萨缪尔森条件及供给-需求模型,采用SSM信息准则及动态主成分对财政分权、教育产出及受益指标进行优化,对江西省农村义务教育配置效率进行了实证研究.研究发现,来自上级政府的转移支付更多地流向经济相对领先的地区;在农村义务教育供给普遍短缺的情况下,提高地区财政分权度产生了两个方向的结果,一些地区农村义务教育配置效率提高,而另一些地区则导致配置效率降低;相关变量分析表明,农业市场化对农村义务教育受益程度具有负面影响,而农民收入的提高有助于增强农村对有限公共产品的偏好与能力,从而提高义务教育配置效率.     

区域水资源政府管理对策研究

在我国要实行最严格水资源管理制度,严格控制用水总量、用水效率和纳污排污,治水思路从供水管理向需水管理进一步转变的政策背景下,对山东省菏泽市规划水平年2020年水资源进行优化配置研究,诊断出缺水行业和原因,针对性地指出了菏泽市政府在水资源开发利用过程中存在的管理问题,对其进行对策分析与研究,以期为政府决策提供参考。     

Model for performance based land area and water allocation within irrigation schemes

This paper focuses on irrigation schemes under rotational water supply in arid and semiarid regions. It presents a methodology for developing plans for optimum allocation of land area and water, considering performance measures such as productivity, equity and adequacy. These irrigation schemes are characterized by limited water supply and heterogeneity in soils, crops, climate and water distribution network, etc. The methodology proposed in this paper, therefore, uses a previously developed simulation–optimization model (Area and Water Allocation Model, AWAM) that considers the heterogeneity of the irrigation scheme in the allocation process, and modifies this to take account of equity and adequacy of supply to irrigated areas. The AWAM model has four phases to be executed separately for each set of irrigation interval over the irrigation season: 1. generation of irrigation strategies for each crop–soil–region combination (CSR unit), 2. preparation of irrigation programmes for each irrigation strategy, 3. selection of specified number of irrigation programmes for each CSR unit and 4. optimum allocation of land area and water to different parts of the irrigation scheme (allocation units) for maximizing productivity. In the modified AWAM model, the adequacy is included at Phase-2 (by including only the irrigation programmes for full irrigation of each CSR unit) and equity is included at Phase-4 (by including the constraints for equity). The paper briefly discusses the applicability of the modified AWAM model for a case study of Nazare medium irrigation scheme in Southern India. The results of the case study indicated that the performance measures of productivity, equity and adequacy conflict with each other.     

天津滨海生态防护圈植物群落盐分积累与分配规律研究

对天津滨海生态防护圈 4种植物群落盐分离子积累和分配规律研究表明 ,除未计叶片与枯落物外 ,K、Na、Ca、Mg和Cl 5种元素年均积累量草本群落 (343.89kg/hm2 ) >乔灌草群落 (5 9.79kg/hm2 ) >灌木群落(5 5 .4 6kg/hm2 ) >灌草群落 (18.87kg/hm2 )。各植物群落土壤主要盐分离子Na和Cl年积累量有较大差异 ,海滨滩涂草本群落Na、Cl分别为 6 0 .2 2kg/hm2 和 2 18.35kg/hm2 ,灌草群落为 2 .0 4kg/hm2 和 5 .775kg/hm2 ;改良土壤的乔灌草群落为 2 .385kg/hm2 和 11.76kg/hm2 ,灌木群落为 3.95kg/hm2 和 16 .74kg/hm2 。植物各器官盐分积累乔木以根系积累为主 ,灌木枝条积累量略大于根。复层结构群落盐分离子积累呈现极强的层次性 ,乔灌草群落各层次 5种盐分离子积累量占总量百分比为乔木层 >灌木层 >草本层 ;而灌草群落则为灌木层 >草本层。     

构造农业均匀设计田间试验布点方案的程序设计

本文阐述了均匀设计方法的特点,介绍了均匀设计的基本原理及其具体构造方法,并用BA-SlC语言编制了构造田间均匀设计布点方案的电子计算机程序。     

南京江宁大学城滨水植物配置研究

在分析南京江宁大学城滨水植物配置模式的基础上,结合中国滨水景观的现状,探讨了滨水植物造景所需要考虑的问题。同时也提出了滨水植物景观的建设必须结合艺术与生态科学,并达到两者的和谐统一,才能建设成既有城市特色又可持续发展的滨水景观。     

局部湿润方式下玉米对不同根区氮素的吸收与分配

采用分根装置,对均匀灌水、固定灌水和交替灌水3种方式下,于1/2根区设施(15NH4)2SO4的处理;另1/2根区施入等量的 (14NH4)2SO4,研究玉米不同根区氮素的吸收与分配特征。结果表明,处理15、20、40 d时,玉米累积15N肥料氮量表现为,固定灌水下15N施在灌水区分别是非灌水区的2.37、2.95和3.41倍;交替灌水下15N施在先灌水区是后灌水区的1.57、1.08和1.06倍。作物自不同根区土壤或肥料吸收氮素占总吸氮量的百分数表明,交替灌水时,不同根区有同等贡献;固定灌水时,作物吸收的氮素绝大部分来自灌水区。根系的氮素吸收速率和根长均表现为,交替灌水两根区趋于相同;固定灌水的非灌水区明显小于灌水区,表明吸收速率和根长对作物吸收氮素都有重要作用。处理40d时,玉米各部分累积15N肥料氮占根区总吸收量百分数为地上部:均匀灌水交替灌水固定灌水;14N区根系:15N施在固定灌水的非灌水区其他4个处理;15N区根系:15N施在固定灌水的灌水区固定灌水的非灌水区和交替灌水任一根区均匀灌水。说明局部供水使根系的氮素分配明显增多,地上部减少;两种局部灌水所不同的是,固定灌水时,氮素向灌水区根系的分配大于非灌水区,交替灌水时,两根区相近。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

北方寒地居住区园林植物配置研究

分析了北方寒地居住区园林植物配置的美化和生态的设计原则,强调要注重植物的整型配置、季相和色相搭配以及多维的种植方式,同时提出植物种类的选择要求。认为北方寒地居住区园林植物设计要从人们的文化和使用角度出发,满足居民的不同需求。     

三江平原沼泽湿地芦苇种群生产与分配的季节动态

三江平原芦苇湿地在5～10月的生长季节中,种群不同构件生物量季节动态变化存在明显差异.研究结果表明:叶鞘和叶的生物量最大值分别出现在6月、7月;而茎秆生物量和芦苇种群地上部生物量最大值则出现在8月;地下部根状茎的生物量变化与上述截然相反,最大值出现在生长季节始、末期,7月生物量最小;不定根生物量在8月达到最大值;同化器官和非同化器官生物量的比值具有明显的季节动态变化.相关分析表明,芦苇种群地上部生物量和地下部生物量呈负相关关系.