扎龙保护区丹顶鹤秋季迁徙季节行为节律的研究

采用瞬时扫描取样法观察研究扎龙保护区野生丹顶鹤和散养丹顶鹤秋季迁徙季节日行为节律和时间分配。结果表明,野生丹顶鹤在此期间,觅食行为时间分配显著高于散养丹顶鹤,差异均达极显著;散养丹顶鹤整理行为和其他行为(驱赶、鸣叫)显著高于野生丹顶鹤;成年个体两性间行为时间分配也有一定差异。观察发现,野生丹顶鹤大量觅食,是为长途迁徙储备能量;散养丹顶鹤作为不迁徙种群,整理行为和其他行为的时间分配表现出对保护区环境的适应性。野生和散养丹顶鹤家庭组中个体间行为差异体现丹顶鹤个体在家庭组中地位和职责有所不同。从野生丹顶鹤和散养丹顶鹤在秋季迁徙季节中行为节律观察,建立行为谱,可了解野生丹顶鹤和散养丹顶鹤行为差异,改进人工饲养技术,改善丹顶鹤生存环境,也为完善丹顶鹤行为生态研究提供新资料。     

步甲夜间迁飞的研究

【目的】利用垂直监测雷达可以长期实时自动监测的特点,研究鞘翅目昆虫步甲是否具有迁飞性,并探讨步甲的迁飞活动规律。【方法】设置雷达观测点,利用垂直监测昆虫雷达及相关辅助设备长期观测结果,结合气象资料进行低空气流和大区环流分析,探讨鞘翅目昆虫步甲迁飞的事实。【结果】2005和2006年的观测资料表明,步甲季节内活动主要在6月下旬至8月下旬,高峰期主要集中在8月份,高空和地面诱虫灯季节内诱集有明显突增突减现象;高峰期内雷达回波点高度可达600 m,主要集中在450 m以下;夜间活动大多在20:00～22:00之间,个别夜晚雷达回波持续到04:00左右,探照灯内步甲数量的变化与雷达回波强度具有一致性;系留气球携带的捕虫网在200 m的空中成功捕到步甲成虫。【结论】步甲属的某些种类具有一定的迁飞性,为研究鞘翅目昆虫的迁飞提供了依据。     

Prespawning migratory behaviour and spawning success of sea-ranched Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the River Gudenaa, Denmark

The migratory behaviour of sea-ranched Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was analysed by radio-telemetry in the River Gudenaa, Denmark. The main objectives were to: (1) estimate mortality of returning adults through the fjord; (2) observe rate of progression and migratory pattern in the fjord and river; and (3) record whether spawning occurs in the river. Forty-two returning salmon (19 males and 23 females of total body length from 60–97 cm) reared and released as smolts, were caught and equipped with external radio transmitters in the outer estuary of the River Gudenaa in 1994 and 1995. Of the tagged salmon, 18 (43%) were caught in the estuary, four (10%) were not recorded after release and 20 (47%) entered the river. The mean rate of progression through the fjord was 7.6 km d−1 (range 1.4–18.2) in 1994 and 5.4 km  d−1 (range 1.6–17.1) in 1995. Eleven salmon were alive at the onset of the spawning period. Eight were retrieved dead from the river during or after the spawning period; four with empty gonads assumed to be successful spawners, and four with intact gonads. In 1994, unsuccessful spawners (found dead with intact gonads) entered the river earlier and had a longer total migration distance in the river compared to successful spawners. This suggests that spawning success of sea-ranched salmon is associated with time of river entry and river migration length.     

Intercohort cannibalism and parturition-associated behaviour of adult swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri Heckel (Pisces: Poeciliidae)

The post‐parturition behavioural patterns of adult Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) were described and quantified by recording their duration and/or frequency in glass tanks. All births occurred in the dark. Female behaviour might increase the chance of newborn juvenile survival: at the top of the tank, where juveniles are more vulnerable to predation, the females gave birth in the artificial refuge, while no parturition took place in the refuge at the bottom. Birth‐giving females were no less cannibalistic than males and other females. There was a reduction in cannibalism and the frequency of secondary attacks with time, even though the number of juveniles in the tank continued to increase due to ongoing parturition. Most adults were found at the bottom of the water column during the first 500 min of parturition, after which they were distributed equally in the water column. The movement of adults, away from the bottom and consequently away from the juveniles corresponded with an increase in feeding on alternative food and a reduction in cannibalism. Thus, cannibalism in swordtail might be opportunistic predation.     

Environmental flow releases trigger spawning migrations by Australian grayling Prototroctes maraena,a threatened,diadromous fish

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Foraging behaviour of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and size‐dependent predation risk

Two hypotheses related to effects of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) foraging behaviour and size on their predation risk were evaluated using field data collected in Prince William Sound, Alaska 1 995–97. My results supported the hypothesis that low macrozooplankton density leads to dispersion of juvenile salmon from shallow nearshore habitats and greater predation risk, but zooplankton type was an important factor. When the biomass of large copepods (primarily Neocalanus spp.) declined, salmon dispersed from shallow nearshore habitats, and mean daily individual predator consumption of salmon increased by a factor of 5. A concomitant five‐fold increase in the probability of occurrence of salmon in predator stomachs supported the notion that increased predation on salmon was caused by a greater overlap between predator and prey when salmon dispersed offshore, not an increase in the number of salmon consumed per feeding bout. The results also generally supported the hypothesis that the timing of predation events modifies the nature of size‐dependent predation losses of salmon to different predator groups (small and large planktivores and piscivores). Size‐dependent vulnerabilities of salmon to predators were a function of both predator and prey sizes. When simulated predation was shifted from May to June, the vulnerability of salmon became more dependent on their growth than initial size. But, the size‐ and growth‐dependent vulnerabilities of salmon differed more among predator groups than between May and June, suggesting that changes in the composition of predator fields could more strongly affect the nature of size‐dependent predation than changes in the timing of predation losses.     

The GABA a agonist muscimol enhances locomotor activity, but does not alter the behavioural effects of CRH in juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)†

The present study investigated the effects of manipulating the GABAergic system on locomotor activity in juvenile spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. In addition, we evaluated whether the GABAergic system is important for mediating the behavioural effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). An intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the GABA_a agonist muscimol caused an acute and dose dependent increase in locomotor activity in juvenile spring chinook salmon. ICV injections of the GABA_a antagonist bicuculline prevented the increase in activity when administered concurrently with muscimol. The GABA_b agonist baclofen had no effect on locomotor activity in this study. Furthermore, we found no evidence that the locomotor response to exogenous CRH was altered by the concurrent administration of muscimol or bicuculline. These results provide evidence to support the hypothesis that endogenous GABA within the central nervous system is involved in the control of locomotor activity in fish. The data also suggest that there is no interaction between the GABAergic system and CRH with regards to the control of locomotor activity in this species.     

Predation by seals on salmonids in two Scottish estuaries

Detailed observations of the behaviour of harbour seals, Phoca vitulina L., at sites within the estuaries of the Rivers Dee and Don, in north-eastern Scotland, were made over two full years between 1993 and 1996. Small numbers of grey seals, Halichoerus grypus Fab., were also present. The presence of seals within the estuaries was strongly related to season, with maximum numbers observed in winter and early spring; seals were virtually absent in June and July. The River Don was used largely as a haul-out site, while the River Dee was used predominantly as a foraging site, although it was not possible to determine whether the same seals were using the two estuaries. More seals were hauled-out on the River Don during twilight and dark than in daylight. The seals were observed to eat mostly salmonids, Salmo salar L. and S. trutta L., unidentified roundfish and flounder, Pleuronectes flesus L. The otoliths identified in scats collected at the mouth of the River Don belonged to marine species indicating that the seals were also feeding outside the estuaries. A minimum estimate is given of the numbers of large salmonids eaten in each river during the course of the year. Although no information was available on the numbers of salmonids using the rivers or the reproductive status of the fish eaten by the seals, as a cause of mortality, seal predation on large salmonids in estuaries is apparently an order of magnitude less important than mortality caused by angling within the river.     

Inherent variation in growth efficiency of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) juveniles

Understanding the major causes of growth variation is crucial for the success of fish farming since its reduction contributes to maximize production efficiency, reduce food waste and improve water quality. The growth variation observed in aquaculture has been associated with the establishment of social hierarchies. However, some studies suggest that this variation may not be mainly a consequence of social hierarchies but mainly a result of inherent (genetic) differences. This study investigates the magnitude of individual responses, independently of group effects (fish housed individually), in growth efficiency and feeding behaviour of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Despite the low variation in initial body weight (6.5%) and cumulative feed consumption (7.5%) over the experimental period, catfish exhibited high variation in final body weight (18.1%), specific growth rate (17.2%) and feed conversion ratio (27.9%), suggesting that individual variation in growth efficiency is important in determining growth rate. This individual variation may be related with individual differences in protein/fat deposition since faster growing fish deposited more protein and less fat than slower growing fish. Pronounced individual differences in feeding behaviour (reaction towards feed and time spent eating) were also observed and correlated with individual differences in growth efficiency. Fast eaters were the fast growers. We suggest that the growth variation observed in African catfish may be inherent and that the use of grading to increase uniformity should be further investigated.