笼养东北虎（Panthera tigiris altacia）的行为观察

从1998年3月至2001年3月，采用全事件取样法和焦点动物取样法对哈尔滨动物园的4只笼养东北虎（1雄3雌）进行了系统的行为观察。笼养东北虎的行为可以分成5种主要的方式：运动、卧息、睡眠、取食和其他行为（饮水、排尿、修饰、嬉戏和站立）。在所有的行为类型中，睡眠和运动所占的比值很高（占整个时间分配的75.18%）；而卧息、取食和其他行为仅占24.82%。除了取食，一只雄性和其中两种雌性东北虎的其他4种主要行为具有相似的活动规律，在白昼和夜晚各有一个活动高峰；而另外一只雌性东北虎在夜晚则具有两个活动高峰期。     

松褐天牛性信息素的触角电位和气质联机鉴定

松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus是松树癌症松材线虫病Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的媒介昆虫。利用松墨天牛性信息素可以引诱到未交配,未产卵的松墨天牛,提早诱杀带线虫的松墨天牛,能更有效地减少松材线虫病的传播蔓延和松墨天牛的为害。本文通过性行为学观察、“Y”型嗅觉仪、气相色谱和触角电位（GC-EAD）、气质联机（GC-MS）分析,鉴定出1种雄性信息素壬醛,为进一步研发松褐天牛性信息素引诱剂打下了良好的基础。     

加卡利亚仓鼠行为特性研究

随机选择5只50~60日龄,健康的加卡利亚仓鼠,2雌3雄,体重为(35.4±7.3)g,对其采食、饮水、排泄、睡眠以及繁殖等行为进行8 d的连续观测,并对仔鼠生长发育情况进行了观测。结果表明,加卡利亚仓鼠的日采食量为(9.28±1.32)g,以傍晚的采食量最多。采食持续时间平均为(17.4±4.9)min。日饮水次数平均为(13.13±2.1)次,日饮水量为(3.89±0.32 ml)。日排粪次数为(19.25±4.03)次,排粪量为(8.19±1.71)g,每次的排尿量0.8~1.5 ml。日睡眠时间为10~12 h,日间几乎处于睡眠状态。仔鼠从第2、3周龄开始体重增加较快,2月龄以后,体重变化不大。     

丰容对圈养华南虎行为影响的初探

从2011年12月到2012年4月,应用全事件取样法和目标动物取样法对南昌动物园2只处于育龄期的华南虎进行了丰容前后的行为观察,对丰容前后行为发生的时间分配、行为比例进行了研究比较。结果显示：丰容前主要出现踱步行为（刻板行为）,休息行为和摄食行为（摄食行为的发生受人为控制）等行为,丰容后行为谱明显丰富,行为种类增多,玩耍行为,社会行为占据整个行为谱的时间比重加大,丰容前后行为存在显著的差异。研究结构表明可以通过丰容来改变华南虎的行为节律,从而减少其刻板行为,增加了社会行为,对提高动物繁殖的成功率可能起到一定作用。     

鬣羚的行为观察

在人工饲养条件下,采用了目标动物取样法和随机取样法,对鬣羚的冲撞、攻击、领域、择偶、繁殖、母仔等行为进行了观察研究。结果表明,鬣羚初入新环境中,有高度的敏感性,由此产生强烈的应激行为。其中,猛烈地冲击笼舍和不停地向上跳跃是其严重的应激行为之一;有较强的领域行为;在繁殖期间鬣羚对配偶具有选择性;发情高峰期1～2d,怀孕4个月后,腹部明显向两侧膨大,怀孕期220～226 d:仔羚在产后需2h以上才能站立;在15日龄内母羚平均每天要哺乳6～8次;2月龄时,能较好地吃食人工饲料,断奶月龄在2～3个月,断奶时宜将母羚隔至邻笼而将仔羚留在原笼舍。鬣羚笼舍围栏的高度宜在2.5～3m,应为新进的鬣羚提供较暗的小内室,保持安静的环境。     

三种圈养雉类的行为比较研究

2008年7月23日～8月5日和8月7～13日,采用目标动物取样法分别研究了4只蓝鹇(2♂2♀)、3只白鹇(1♂2♀)和5只白腹锦鸡(2♂3♀)的各种行为的发生频率进行了研究。结果发现3种雉类的各种行为类型都相似,但不同雉类间各种行为发生频次有差异。白腹锦鸡、蓝鹇和白鹇的休息行为分别在8:00、9:00和10:00达到日高峰,分别为12.05次/h、28.39次/h和14次/h。蓝鹇、白鹇、白腹锦鸡运动相关行为分别在7:00、8:00、9:00出现峰值,为19.29次/h、21.76次/h、24.90次/h;10:00蓝鹇、白鹇、白腹锦鸡的运动相关行为发生频次都出现了白昼的第一个谷值,分别为6.71次/h、9.29次/h、15.19次/h。蓝鹇、白鹇、白腹锦鸡的梳理行为9:00出现谷值分别为7.64次/h、8.05次/h、11.67次/h,10:00出现峰值分别为17.25次/h、21.19次/h、21.0次/h。3种雉鸡的采食行为的日节律相似。     

Effective Evaluation of Equine Extension Programs

Evaluation has become a more significant component of planning and delivering extension programs, as federal partners and granting agencies are requesting information on program and integrated grant outcomes, including participant learning gains, behavior change, and program-generated impacts. Effective evaluation of equine extension programs involves a balance between asking enough well-designed questions to obtain desired information and keeping the evaluation tool brief enough to encourage participant completion. For most faculties, the difficulty with evaluation lies in developing appropriate and useful questions. The objective of this article was to share examples of questions successfully used to evaluate six key equine extension program areas: participant demographics, program logistics, participant behavior change, participant knowledge gain, teaching effectiveness, and program impact. Data generated by postprogram evaluations can be a source of statistically sound information that can be shared with administration, stakeholders, and granting agencies. Extension personnel can use evaluation data to improve planning and delivery of extension programs and to demonstrate teaching ability and program impacts.     

Effects of Density and Rest Stops on Movement Rates of Unrestrained Horses during Transport

The goal of this study was to provide estimates of how much loose (unrestrained) horses move during transport. Data were collected from six shipments of slaughter horses that were transported in a 16.2-m, single-deck semi-trailer in June and July of 2004 for 18 to 20 hours as part of an earlier project. Usable video was obtained from five groups of mature horses transported at “low” density (five to seven horses per group averaging 216.5 kg/m²) and three groups of horses transported at “moderate” density (10–11 horses per group averaging 345.5 kg/m²). Three low-density and two moderate-density groups had access to six water bowls inserted through the sides of the compartments during 1-hour rest stops occurring after 8 hours and at the end of transport. Twelve cameras, one mounted in each corner of the three compartments, were used to record behavior. Distance and rate of movement by individual horses during transport and during two 1-hour rest periods were determined by analysis of 206 hours of usable video footage of individual horses. Mean movement rate tended to be higher during travel (4.23 m/hour) than during the 1-hour periods when the truck was stopped (2.75 m/hour), but it did not seem to be influenced by group density. Movement was stimulated by the availability of water during the rest stops. In general, movement was strongly influenced by one or two horses causing disruption of the group, and not by independent actions of members of the group.     

柑桔潜叶蛾雌成虫寿命,产卵量及产卵行为的研究

在实验室条件下，温度与柑桔潜叶蛾雌成虫寿命的关系可用方程ｙ＝１１．３５１７ＥＸＰ拟合。在１５℃时平均寿命为３２．１天，高温３３℃为９．２天，２０－２５℃为１８．９－１２．１天。２０－２５℃温度范围内，平均每雌成虫产卵量为３８粒上下，３３℃为１１。８粒，１５℃仅可产少量的卵。     

Acute toxicity of organophosphorous pesticide diazinon and its effects on behavior and some hematological parameters of fingerling European catfish (Silurus glanis L.)

Diazinon is commonly used for pest control in the agricultural fields surrounding freshwater reservoirs. So this study was conducted to determine the acute toxicity of this organophosphorous pesticide, contaminating aquatic ecosystems as a pollutant, and its effects on behavior, and some hematological parameters of fingerling European catfish, Silurus glanis. Diazinon was applied at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg L⁻¹. The water temperature in the experimental units was kept at 16 ± 1 °C. The number of dead fishes significantly increased in response to diazinon concentrations 2-64 mg L⁻¹ (p < 0.05). With increasing diazinon concentrations, the fishes exposed duration 1 to 96 h significantly increased the number of dead fishes (p < 0.05 for each cases). The 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC₅₀ values (with 95% confidence limits) of diazinon for fingerling European catfish were estimated as 14.597 (12.985-16.340), 12.487 (11.079-14.471), 8.932 (7.907-10.348), 6.326 (no data because of p > 0.05), and 4.142 (no data because of p > 0.05) mg L⁻¹, respectively. Compared to the control specimens, fish after an acute exposure to diazinon was significantly lower erythrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values (p < 0.05). In addition, it was also showed a significantly negative correlation between these hematological parameters and exposure times of diazinon (p < 0.01).