Are active organic matter fractions suitable indices of management effects on soil carbon? A meta-analysis of data from the Pampas

Active fractions of organic matter have been proposed as early indices of changes in soil organic carbon (organic-C) induced by management. We performed a meta-analysis of published results from 31 field experiments conducted in the Pampas in which tillage and rotation effects on organic-C, microbial biomass carbon (microbial-C), light fraction carbon (light-C), particulate carbon (particulate-C) and basal respiration (mineralized-C) were assessed. We compared the changes of organic-C and the four active fractions between management treatments sampled at the same date and depth within each experiment. Pooling all the experiments, active fractions-C varied on average 1.2- to 3.0-fold more than organic-C, depending on the fraction considered, but these average changes were significantly greater than organic-C changes only for particulate-C. This later fraction showed to be more sensitive to agricultural practices than organic-C. In experiments in which organic-C changes were lower than 15–25%, the four labile fractions may show opposite trends than organic-C. Above this threshold, changes of active fractions generally copied organic-C changes and were greater. Consequently, the active fractions may be used as indicators of changes in organic-C only when this latter variable has already suffered a huge change. In these cases, it will be easier to simply measure organic-C.     

糯小麦和非糯小麦干物质积累及产量对灌浆期不同阶段弱光的响应

为了解花后弱光照对糯小麦和非糯小麦产量形成的影响差异,在大田条件下,选用非糯小麦品种轮选987和糯小麦品种农大糯50222两个小麦品种为材料,分别于灌浆前期(花后1～10 d)、中期(花后11～20 d)和后期(花后21～30 d)进行遮去60％的光合有效辐射处理,研究花后弱光胁迫时期对小麦干物质积累和产量的影响.结果表明,与不遮光处理(对照)相比,灌浆中期和后期遮光造成轮选987的生物产量和籽粒产量显著降低,而农大糯50222在籽粒灌浆的前期和中期遮光后均显著降低.花后不同阶段遮光处理均造成小麦花前营养器官贮存干物质在花后向籽粒的转运量及其贡献率发生变化,此影响存在明显的基因型差异.轮选987表现为籽粒灌浆前中期遮光后转运量均显著降低,后期遮光后增加,转运物质对籽粒的贡献率则表现为前期遮光降低,中后期遮光提高,尤其是后期遮光提高幅度更大.农大糯50222花前干物质的转运量在遮光后均增加,以中期遮光后增加最多,转运物质对籽粒的贡献率在前中期遮光下均增大,以中期遮光最明显,后期遮光下贡献率下降.花后不同阶段遮光改变了小麦的灌浆进程.随遮光时间的推迟,轮选987籽粒灌浆的渐增期和快增期缩短.籽粒灌浆中期遮光延长了农大糯50222灌浆的快增期.灌浆中期遮光致使小麦产量和经济系数下降的幅度最大.     

干旱胁迫下褪黑素对小麦幼苗生长、光合和抗氧化特性的影响

为探究褪黑素对小麦幼苗抗旱性的调节作用,明确褪黑素提高小麦抗旱能力的作用途径,以小麦水地品种西农9871为材料,通过盆栽试验,分析了干旱胁迫下根施褪黑素（100 μmol·L^-1）对小麦幼苗生长、光合特性及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫抑制了小麦的生长,降低了叶片叶绿素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率及PSⅡ最大光化学效率,导致过氧化氢（H₂O₂）与丙二醛（MDA）积累增加及抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量升高。在干旱胁迫下根施褪黑素可增加小麦幼苗的生物量和根冠比,维持较高的相对叶片含水量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率及光化学效率,并进一步提高过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及抗坏血酸（ASA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量,减少了H₂O₂ 与MDA的积累。复水后,根施褪黑素处理的小麦幼苗生长表现出较快的恢复能力。以上结果说明,在干旱胁迫下,褪黑素通过增加根冠比,促进水分吸收,改善叶片的水分状况,并通过增强抗氧化能力,减轻氧化伤害。褪黑素处理的植株表现出较好的水分状况和较轻的氧化伤害,有利于其维持较高的光合能力,从而提高小麦幼苗的抗旱性及恢复生长的能力。     

吨田宝对旱地小麦生长发育及产量形成的影响

为研究不同生育时期喷施不同浓度吨田宝对旱地小麦生长发育和产量形成的影响,于2013—2014年度在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地进行了旱地小麦起身期和挑旗期喷施不同浓度吨田宝的试验。结果表明,起身期喷施吨田宝,促进了拔节期根系发育,减缓成熟期根系衰老,增加拔节期、开花期的叶面积指数和各生育时期干物质量,随浓度大主要通过提高穗数提高产量;挑旗期喷施吨田宝有利于促进有效穗数的形成,随浓度增大主要通过增加穗粒数、千粒重提高产量;起身期、挑旗期配合喷施不同浓度吨田宝增加了开花期的叶面积指数,提高了开花期和成熟期干物质量,显著提高了穗数、穗粒数、产量,增产幅度达5.8%~10%。总之,起身期和挑旗期以1:1,浓度为每公顷750 mL/225 kg水喷施吨田宝显著提高穗数和千粒重,增产效果最好。     

水分胁迫对糜子物质运转和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为探索不同生育期不同程度水分胁迫下糜子籽粒灌浆特性及产量形成特点,以榆糜2号为材料,采用盆栽试验,利用Richards方程对不同处理强、弱势粒的灌浆过程进行比较,进而分析研究了拔节期、孕穗期和开花成熟期中度(占田间最大持水量的40%~45%)、重度水分胁迫(占田间最大持水量的20%~25%)对糜子强、弱势粒灌浆特性与抽穗后物质积累和转运及产量形成的影响。结果表明:与对照(全生育期充足供水,占田间最大持水量的70%~75%)相比,重度水分胁迫下,籽粒的起始生长势R0降低,最大灌浆速率出现的时间Tmax延迟,灌浆后期时间缩短,灌浆中期和后期的贡献率下降,茎鞘向穗部的物质转运率降低,进而影响结实率和产量,其中孕穗期重度水分胁迫的穗粒数和穗粒质量比对照分别降低了44.62%和38.19%,是降幅最大的;中度水分胁迫加快了糜子灌浆进程,促进了糜子叶片和茎鞘向穗部的物质转运率,提高了结实率和籽粒充实度,提高了糜子产量,其中拔节期中度水分胁迫是增加幅度最大的,其穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量和穗粒质量比对照分别增加了24.17%、17.92%、7.19%、41.14%。因此,在适度水分胁迫下,协调并提高糜子籽粒的灌浆起始生长势和前期、中期的灌浆速率以及茎鞘向穗的物质转运率,对于保证和提高糜子产量有重要意义。     

绿洲生态条件下氮磷肥配施对冬小麦干物质分配及产量的影响

在西北绿洲生态条件下,设165 kg·hm-2(N1),225 kg·hm-2(N2)两个氮素(纯氮)水平和105 kg·hm-2(P1)、165 kg·hm-2(P2)两个磷素(P2O5)水平共4个处理,研究了氮磷配施对冬小麦产量及干物质积累及分配、灌浆特性的影响。结果表明:N2P1、N2P2具有较高的籽粒产量,分别为7 644.73、7 686.25 kg·hm-2,同时,水分利用效率(WUE)也较高,分别为11.67、11.49 kg·hm-2·mm-1;千粒重和穗粒数随施氮量增加而提高,磷对籽粒产量构成要素影响不显著;氮、氮和磷互作对籽粒平均灌浆速率(V)、最大灌浆速率(Vmax)、有效灌浆持续期粒重增加值(Ws)和有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率(Vs)均有显著影响,但影响籽粒重量的主要因素是Vmax;氮、磷及氮和磷互作对不同器官干物质积累及其分配影响在不同生育时期表现不一。     

基于熵权物元模型的四川省土地生态安全评价

为进一步了解四川省土地生态安全现状,基于P-S-R模型建立评价指标体系,选取熵权法和物元法对四川省18个地级市土地生态安全做出评价,结果表明：成都土地生态安全级别为“临界安全”,自贡、泸州、广元、内江和达州的土地生态安全级别向“安全”级转化,攀枝花、德阳、绵阳、遂宁、乐山、南充、眉山、宜宾、巴中和资阳的土地生态安全级别向“较安全”级转化,广安和雅安土地生态安全级别向“较不安全”级转化。综合单指标关联度和综合关联度得出,四川省各地级市土地生态安全总体趋于向良好转变。     

Effect of applications of organic solid cattle manure on Hungarian vetch and barley intercropping mixtures grown on soils of different depths

Sloping fields on soils of shallow depth to tillage are commonly left uncultivated in many parts of the world. This study was conducted to compare the effects on morphological traits, dry‐matter (DM) yield, legume ratio (LR), crude protein content (CP), crude protein yield (CP yield) and mineral concentrations (N, P, K, S, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, B and Zn) of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown in intercropping mixtures in response to three rates of organic solid cattle manure application (M₀: 0, M₁: 10, M₂: 20 t ha^?1). Experimentation was conducted on soils of two different soil depths [shallow (8–12 cm; low‐medium erosion risk) and normal soil depth (18–22 cm; no erosion risk)] on a sloping field in the 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons at Gumushane, Turkey. Herbage harvested on the shallow depth area had 22–73% less DM yield, 14–72% less CP yield, 6–9% greater CP content and generally higher minerals contents than herbage from the normal soil depth area. Cattle manure applications increased DM yield by about 23%, increased CP content and CP yield, and also increased the contents of most minerals in herbage of the intercropping mixtures, relative to the control, averaged over the two soil depths. It is suggested that, for areas with shallow soil depths that are prone to erosion, plant cover should be used for forage production, and that fertilization with solid cattle manure at 20 t ha^?1 can support production of quality forage of acceptable DM yield.     

Suitability of tef varieties in mixed wheat flour bread matrices: A physico-chemical and nutritional approach

Wheat flour replacement from 0 to 40% by single tef flours from three Ethiopian varieties DZ-01-99 (brown grain tef), DZ-Cr-37 (white grain tef) and DZ-Cr-387 (Quncho, white grain tef) yielded a technologically viable ciabatta type composite bread with acceptable sensory properties and enhanced nutritional value, as compared to 100% refined wheat flour. Incorporation of tef flour from 30% to 40% imparted discreet negative effects in terms of decreased loaf volume and crumb resilience, and increase of crumb hardness in brown tef blended breads. Increment of crumb hardness on aging was in general much lower in tef blended breads compared to wheat bread counterparts, revealing slower firming kinetics, especially for brown tef blended breads. Blended breads with 40% white tef exhibited similar extent and variable rate of retrogradation kinetics along storage, while brown tef-blended breads retrograded slower but in higher extent than control wheat flour breads. Breads that contains 40% tef grain flour were found to contain five folds (DZ-01-99, DZ-Cr-387) to 10 folds (DZ-Cr-37) Fe, three folds Mn, twice Cu, Zn and Mg, and 1.5 times Ca, K, and P contents as compared to the contents found in 100% refined wheat grain flour breads. In addition, suitable dietary trends for lower rapidly digestible starch and starch digestion rate index were met from tef grain flour fortified breads.     

Effect of enzymatic and technological treatments on solubilisation of arabinoxylans from brewer's spent grain

Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the most abundant brewing by-product, has hidden and underexploited nutritional potential. In order to valorize BSG, the effects of three commercial xylanases and a peptidase on water unextractable arabinoxylans (WUAX) were studied. Comparing all treatments, higher addition of xylanase resulted in an increase in water extractable arabinoxylans (WEAX). In the most efficient treatment, xylanase alone was able to solubilise 23.7% of WUAX, while the peptidase showed no effect. However, when added together with xylanase, peptidase increased the solubilisation of WUAX up to 1.6 folds. A positive correlation between particle size reduction and solubilisation of WUAX was also proved through milling BSG. These results suggest that access to xylan backbone increases with proteolytic activities, proving a synergistic effect of these specific enzymes. Therefore, if properly treated before being added as ingredient, BSG could add health functionalities to foodstuff while reducing the environmental impact of brewing industries.