吨田宝对旱地小麦生长发育及产量形成的影响

为研究不同生育时期喷施不同浓度吨田宝对旱地小麦生长发育和产量形成的影响,于2013—2014年度在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地进行了旱地小麦起身期和挑旗期喷施不同浓度吨田宝的试验。结果表明,起身期喷施吨田宝,促进了拔节期根系发育,减缓成熟期根系衰老,增加拔节期、开花期的叶面积指数和各生育时期干物质量,随浓度大主要通过提高穗数提高产量;挑旗期喷施吨田宝有利于促进有效穗数的形成,随浓度增大主要通过增加穗粒数、千粒重提高产量;起身期、挑旗期配合喷施不同浓度吨田宝增加了开花期的叶面积指数,提高了开花期和成熟期干物质量,显著提高了穗数、穗粒数、产量,增产幅度达5.8%~10%。总之,起身期和挑旗期以1:1,浓度为每公顷750 mL/225 kg水喷施吨田宝显著提高穗数和千粒重,增产效果最好。     

水分胁迫对糜子物质运转和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为探索不同生育期不同程度水分胁迫下糜子籽粒灌浆特性及产量形成特点,以榆糜2号为材料,采用盆栽试验,利用Richards方程对不同处理强、弱势粒的灌浆过程进行比较,进而分析研究了拔节期、孕穗期和开花成熟期中度(占田间最大持水量的40%~45%)、重度水分胁迫(占田间最大持水量的20%~25%)对糜子强、弱势粒灌浆特性与抽穗后物质积累和转运及产量形成的影响。结果表明:与对照(全生育期充足供水,占田间最大持水量的70%~75%)相比,重度水分胁迫下,籽粒的起始生长势R0降低,最大灌浆速率出现的时间Tmax延迟,灌浆后期时间缩短,灌浆中期和后期的贡献率下降,茎鞘向穗部的物质转运率降低,进而影响结实率和产量,其中孕穗期重度水分胁迫的穗粒数和穗粒质量比对照分别降低了44.62%和38.19%,是降幅最大的;中度水分胁迫加快了糜子灌浆进程,促进了糜子叶片和茎鞘向穗部的物质转运率,提高了结实率和籽粒充实度,提高了糜子产量,其中拔节期中度水分胁迫是增加幅度最大的,其穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量和穗粒质量比对照分别增加了24.17%、17.92%、7.19%、41.14%。因此,在适度水分胁迫下,协调并提高糜子籽粒的灌浆起始生长势和前期、中期的灌浆速率以及茎鞘向穗的物质转运率,对于保证和提高糜子产量有重要意义。     

绿洲生态条件下氮磷肥配施对冬小麦干物质分配及产量的影响

在西北绿洲生态条件下,设165 kg·hm-2(N1),225 kg·hm-2(N2)两个氮素(纯氮)水平和105 kg·hm-2(P1)、165 kg·hm-2(P2)两个磷素(P2O5)水平共4个处理,研究了氮磷配施对冬小麦产量及干物质积累及分配、灌浆特性的影响。结果表明:N2P1、N2P2具有较高的籽粒产量,分别为7 644.73、7 686.25 kg·hm-2,同时,水分利用效率(WUE)也较高,分别为11.67、11.49 kg·hm-2·mm-1;千粒重和穗粒数随施氮量增加而提高,磷对籽粒产量构成要素影响不显著;氮、氮和磷互作对籽粒平均灌浆速率(V)、最大灌浆速率(Vmax)、有效灌浆持续期粒重增加值(Ws)和有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率(Vs)均有显著影响,但影响籽粒重量的主要因素是Vmax;氮、磷及氮和磷互作对不同器官干物质积累及其分配影响在不同生育时期表现不一。     

基于熵权物元模型的四川省土地生态安全评价

为进一步了解四川省土地生态安全现状,基于P-S-R模型建立评价指标体系,选取熵权法和物元法对四川省18个地级市土地生态安全做出评价,结果表明：成都土地生态安全级别为“临界安全”,自贡、泸州、广元、内江和达州的土地生态安全级别向“安全”级转化,攀枝花、德阳、绵阳、遂宁、乐山、南充、眉山、宜宾、巴中和资阳的土地生态安全级别向“较安全”级转化,广安和雅安土地生态安全级别向“较不安全”级转化。综合单指标关联度和综合关联度得出,四川省各地级市土地生态安全总体趋于向良好转变。     

Effect of applications of organic solid cattle manure on Hungarian vetch and barley intercropping mixtures grown on soils of different depths

Sloping fields on soils of shallow depth to tillage are commonly left uncultivated in many parts of the world. This study was conducted to compare the effects on morphological traits, dry‐matter (DM) yield, legume ratio (LR), crude protein content (CP), crude protein yield (CP yield) and mineral concentrations (N, P, K, S, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, B and Zn) of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown in intercropping mixtures in response to three rates of organic solid cattle manure application (M₀: 0, M₁: 10, M₂: 20 t ha^?1). Experimentation was conducted on soils of two different soil depths [shallow (8–12 cm; low‐medium erosion risk) and normal soil depth (18–22 cm; no erosion risk)] on a sloping field in the 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons at Gumushane, Turkey. Herbage harvested on the shallow depth area had 22–73% less DM yield, 14–72% less CP yield, 6–9% greater CP content and generally higher minerals contents than herbage from the normal soil depth area. Cattle manure applications increased DM yield by about 23%, increased CP content and CP yield, and also increased the contents of most minerals in herbage of the intercropping mixtures, relative to the control, averaged over the two soil depths. It is suggested that, for areas with shallow soil depths that are prone to erosion, plant cover should be used for forage production, and that fertilization with solid cattle manure at 20 t ha^?1 can support production of quality forage of acceptable DM yield.     

Suitability of tef varieties in mixed wheat flour bread matrices: A physico-chemical and nutritional approach

Wheat flour replacement from 0 to 40% by single tef flours from three Ethiopian varieties DZ-01-99 (brown grain tef), DZ-Cr-37 (white grain tef) and DZ-Cr-387 (Quncho, white grain tef) yielded a technologically viable ciabatta type composite bread with acceptable sensory properties and enhanced nutritional value, as compared to 100% refined wheat flour. Incorporation of tef flour from 30% to 40% imparted discreet negative effects in terms of decreased loaf volume and crumb resilience, and increase of crumb hardness in brown tef blended breads. Increment of crumb hardness on aging was in general much lower in tef blended breads compared to wheat bread counterparts, revealing slower firming kinetics, especially for brown tef blended breads. Blended breads with 40% white tef exhibited similar extent and variable rate of retrogradation kinetics along storage, while brown tef-blended breads retrograded slower but in higher extent than control wheat flour breads. Breads that contains 40% tef grain flour were found to contain five folds (DZ-01-99, DZ-Cr-387) to 10 folds (DZ-Cr-37) Fe, three folds Mn, twice Cu, Zn and Mg, and 1.5 times Ca, K, and P contents as compared to the contents found in 100% refined wheat grain flour breads. In addition, suitable dietary trends for lower rapidly digestible starch and starch digestion rate index were met from tef grain flour fortified breads.     

Effect of enzymatic and technological treatments on solubilisation of arabinoxylans from brewer's spent grain

Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the most abundant brewing by-product, has hidden and underexploited nutritional potential. In order to valorize BSG, the effects of three commercial xylanases and a peptidase on water unextractable arabinoxylans (WUAX) were studied. Comparing all treatments, higher addition of xylanase resulted in an increase in water extractable arabinoxylans (WEAX). In the most efficient treatment, xylanase alone was able to solubilise 23.7% of WUAX, while the peptidase showed no effect. However, when added together with xylanase, peptidase increased the solubilisation of WUAX up to 1.6 folds. A positive correlation between particle size reduction and solubilisation of WUAX was also proved through milling BSG. These results suggest that access to xylan backbone increases with proteolytic activities, proving a synergistic effect of these specific enzymes. Therefore, if properly treated before being added as ingredient, BSG could add health functionalities to foodstuff while reducing the environmental impact of brewing industries.     

山东省羊常用粗饲料营养价值评定

试验旨在综合评价从山东省17个市采集的羊常用粗饲料原料的营养价值。试验测定了109个样本10种常用原料的常规营养成分及总能(GE),应用两级离体消化法测定干物质消化率(IVDMD),以计算消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME),并根据预测干物质随意采食量(DMI),进而计算出分级指数(GI)。结果表明,不同粗饲料间的常规养分的差异不能准确地评价饲料营养价值;以NDF、ADF所得GI综合评价粗饲料中营养价值得到苜蓿>冬牧70>地瓜秧>羊草>花生秧>青贮玉米秸>玉米秸>水稻秸>豆秸>麦秸;IVDMD与NDF、ADF均呈显著负相关,而与CP呈显著正相关;DE与NDF、ADF相关性较强,且均呈负相关。     

山西不同居群白羊草的营养成分及瘤胃降解规律

为研究山西不同居群白羊草抽穗期的营养成分含量及干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)在绵羊瘤胃中的降解规律,以安装永久性瘘管的杜泊与本地羊杂交一代肉用绵公羊15只为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对不同居群白羊草抽穗期的DM和CP的降解率及降解参数进行测定。结果表明,居群对白羊草的常规营养成分含量有较大的影响。其中,太谷居群具有最高的粗蛋白质(CP)含量和最低的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量,其次是原平和沁源居群。不同居群白羊草的DM和CP的降解特性不同,其中,太谷和原平居群72 h的DM降解率最高,显著高于襄汾居群(P<0.05),太谷居群的DM有效降解率最高,达到46.39%,其次是原平和沁源居群;太谷和原平居群72 h同样有最高的CP降解率,显著高于降解率最低的芮城居群(P<0.05)。太谷居群的CP有效降解率最高,其次是方山和阳高居群,三者差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,太谷居群DM和CP降解率最高,优于其他居群。     

隆回植烟土壤有机质含量及其影响因素空间变异性研究

为揭示隆回县烟区植烟土壤有机质含量分布状况及其影响因素,采用地统计学方法分析该烟区植烟土壤有机质含量分布及与影响其分布的土壤类型、土壤质地、pH等因素。结果表明：（1）隆回县烟区植烟土壤有机质含量较高,变幅为5.37~84.64 g/kg,变异系数为28.09%,处于适宜范围内的样本占21.09%,空间分布上呈现从北向南增加趋势。（2）不同乡镇之间的植烟土壤有机质含量差异达极显著水平,6个主产乡镇植烟土壤有机质含量属较高水平,且处于中等及低变异。（3）不同植烟类型土壤的有机质含量差异达极显著水平,红壤和黄壤的有机质含量属适宜水平,其他类型土壤的有机质含量属较高水平。（4）不同土壤质地的植烟土壤有机质含量差异达显著水平,烟区植烟土壤有机质含量平均在32.03~34.21 g/kg。（5）不同pH的植烟土壤有机质含量差异极显著,随pH升高而升高的趋势,且pH＞7.0的植烟土壤有机质含量较高。