氮素对大蒜生长及养分吸收的影响

以地方品种金乡白皮蒜为试材,研究不同氮肥处理对大蒜蒜薹和鳞茎产量的影响,以及在适宜施氮量的条件下,大蒜干物质积累及养分吸收的情况。结果表明:每生产1000kg大蒜需从土壤中吸收氮8.5kg、磷1.4kg、钾5.2kg。从播种到鳞芽花芽分化期(180d),大蒜干物质日均积累量相对较低,对氮、磷、钾的吸收量分别占整个生育期的30.7%、36.8%和46.1%;从鳞芽花芽分化期到收获(52d),蒜薹伸长、鳞茎膨大,大蒜干物质日均积累量迅速增加,对氮、磷、钾的吸收分别占整个生育期的69.3%、63.2%和53.9%,到收获前期干物质积累和养分吸收达到高峰。本试验条件下适宜氮素用量为240kg·hm-2,大蒜对氮、磷、钾的吸收分别为0.710、0.114和0.434g·株-1,吸收比例为1∶0.16∶0.61。     

水稻籼爪交和粳爪交杂种优势的研究Ⅰ.杂种农艺性状的表现

研究了籼爪交和粳爪交杂种在长沙、三亚两地农艺性状和干物质产量的表现. 由引进爪哇稻品种所配的籼/爪和粳/爪交杂种F1代表现为植株高大, 生长茂盛, 具有强大的干物质产量优势. 绝对干物质产量(单株穗期干重)为: 籼爪杂种＞粳爪杂种＞对照(籼籼交杂种), 干物质生产率(单株日干物质产量)为: 籼爪杂种＞粳爪杂种＞对照. 供试籼     

Analysis of variation and interrelationships in potato germplasm

Summary As the exploitation of economic characters in potato is reaching a plateau, use of exotic germplasm offers an ideal opportunity for further improvement. Fifty-five accessions from eleven countries were studied under long and short day conditions. Wide variation was noticed for a number of phenological, morphological and tuber characters. Analysis of variation and correlations has demonstrated possibilities for using this diverse germplasm in various potato improvement programs.Abbreviations APC - Andean Primitive Cultivars - AUDPC - Area Under Disease Progress Curve - CCBL - Commerical Cultivars and Breeding Lines - LD - Long Days - SD - Short Days     

施肥对雨养区马铃薯干物质累积及肥效的影响

针对宁夏雨养农业区,选择具有代表性的海原县树台乡马铃薯种植基地,设置氮磷钾肥不同施肥处理,于2016~2017年开展了马铃薯田间试验,探讨雨养区施肥对马铃薯干物质累积及肥效的影响。试验结果表明,不同施肥处理对马铃薯干物质积累、产量及水肥利用效率影响不同,其中氮磷钾肥配施处理马铃薯干物质快速积累期增长速度最快,施用氮、磷、钾在淀粉积累期马铃薯块茎累积量分别提高了36.4%、40.5%、18.5%。两年期间,氮磷钾肥配施处理的水分利用效率最大,2016、2017年较无肥区分别增长35.3%、51.0%,平均增长43.2%。在氮磷钾配施条件下,氮、磷、钾肥增产量分别是5 496.6 kg/hm^2、4 739.4 kg/hm^2、3 044.1 kg/hm2,其增产率分别为31.1%、30.6%、17.1%。每千克N、P2O5、K2O分别增产马铃薯30.5 kg、52.7 kg、67.7 kg。氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为38.3%、18.2%、53.9%,其中钾肥利用率较高。     

Agronomic performance of winter wheat grown under highly divergent soil moisture conditions in rainfed and water‐managed environments

Even in the temperate climates of Europe, increasing early season drought and rising air temperature are presenting new challenges to farmers and wheat breeders. Sixteen winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes consisting of three hybrids, six line cultivars and two breeding lines from Germany as well as five line cultivars from France, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary and the Ukraine (referred to as “exotic” lines) have been included in this study. The genetic materials were evaluated over three growing seasons under a range of soil moisture regimes at the three North German sites Braunschweig (irrigated and drought‐stressed), Warmse (rainfed) and Söllingen (rainfed). The average grain yields in the twelve growth environments (water regime × season combinations) ranged from 6.1 to 13.5 t ha^?1. The exotic lines showed little evidence of specific phenological adaptation to drought although they are frequently faced with water scarcity in their countries of origin. The hybrids and German lines exhibited higher regression coefficients (b_i) to environmental means than the exotic lines, indicating particular adaptation to favourable growing conditions. The phenotypical correlations of grain yield between the various environments were high, ranging for instance from 0.6 to 0.8 for the irrigated and drought‐stressed environments at Braunschweig. It is thus expected that in the foreseeable future continued selection aiming at high yield potential will suffice as a means to counter the expected increase in droughts.     

昼夜温差对番茄幼苗光合特性和物质积累的影响

为了深入了解昼夜温差对番茄幼苗光合作用影响的机理,试验利用微电脑人工气候箱,在昼夜平均温度20℃的情况下,研究了昼/夜为20℃/20℃、23℃/17℃、26℃/14℃这3个不同温差(0,6,12℃)对番茄幼苗光合生理特性和物质积累的影响。结果表明,26℃/14℃处理比20℃/20℃处理可增加番茄幼苗单叶面积30.3%～47.1%,提高叶片净光合速率87.5%～126.6%,增加番茄幼苗干物质48.8%～55.7%;同时,显著增加了气孔导度和气孔限制值,显著降低了胞间CO2浓度;23℃/17℃处理也可以一定程度上增加幼苗的净光合速率和物质积累。昼夜平均温度20℃时,适当加大昼夜温差,能显著降低光合作用的非气孔因素限制,促进光合作用;并能增加单叶面积和单位面积叶绿素含量,增加番茄幼苗的物质积累。     

溶解性有机质对土壤重金属活性影响的研究概况

土壤溶解性有机质（Dissolved Organic Matter）是土壤溶液的一个重要的组成部分,在土壤的化学和生物过程中起着很重要的作用。在过去的二十多年里,就DOM的组成和其在土壤中的作用已经得到很大程度的重视且取得了相当大的进步。DOM可能会对重金属有很显著的控制作用,而重金属也可能对DOM有种特殊且强烈的亲和性,这种亲和性在很大程度上影响着土壤中重金属的活性和环境生态,而且不同来源和不同提取方法提取的DOM在功能上有着差异。本文系统评述了DOM的来源、结构、生态功能以及对重金属活性的影响,同时介绍了一些未来有待解决的问题。     

江永县植烟土壤有效锰含量分布及影响因素

采集了城关、松柏、桃川、允山、夏层铺5个植烟乡镇的104个土壤样品,研究了江永植烟土壤有效锰含量及其影响因素,为改良江永植烟土壤和烟区的可持续发展提供理论依据。研究结果表明：江永县植烟土壤有效锰含量适中,均值为19.56 mg/kg,变幅为3.80~93.80 mg/kg,变异系数达到93.30%,有效锰含量处于适宜范围的样本比例为49.04%。土壤有效态锰含量会随pH、有机质、全磷、全氮含量升高而降低。4个影响因素pH、有机质、全磷、全氮中,尤以有机质含量对土壤有效锰含量影响最大。     

长期施肥对不同有机质含量农田黑土活性有机氮组分的影响

为了阐明长期施肥后不同有机质含量农田黑土活性有机氮组分的变化,探讨农田黑土肥力演变对施肥的响应机制,本研究利用黑土生产力长期定位试验,以5 个不同有机质(SOM)含量11%（北安）、6%（嫩江）、5%（海伦）、3%（德惠）、1.7%（梨树）农田黑土为研究对象,对比研究了连续施用8 年化肥后对土壤全氮及土壤活性氮库不同组分颗粒有机氮(POM-N)、微生物量氮(SMBN)、可溶性有机氮(DON)及轻组有机氮(LFOM-N)的影响。结果表明：与无肥处理相比,长期施用化肥可提高土壤全氮、POM-N、SMBN、LFOM-N的含量(P＜0.05),对DON的影响不显著。土壤全氮、POM-N、LFOM-N、SMBN含量随土壤有机质含量的降低而降低。在土壤活性有机氮的组分中,颗粒有机氮的贡献率最大。长期施肥对不同有机质含量的农田黑土活性有机氮之间的相关性无影响。