塔里木河下游生态输水对植物群落数量特征的影响

结合2002-2004年对塔里木河下游生态输水过程中5个断面固定植物群落样地的调查,运用群落数量分析法,分析了塔里木河下游植物群落对生态输水的响应.结果表明:在生态输水过程中,植被覆盖度普遍增加,草本植物覆盖度的增长率高于乔木和灌木;各断面乔木和草本植物的综合优势比普遍增加,但优势种的优势地位并没有改变,群落的类型没有变化;在整个研究区,物种的丰富度与均匀度仍很低.为提高输水生态效应,提出河道输水与面上供水相结合的输水方法和建立人工植被等建议.     

Vegetation fractional coverage change in a typical oasis region in Tarim River Watershed based on remote sensing

Vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system.The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing(RS).In this paper,the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers,which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed.The current study was based on the TM/ETM+ images of 1989,2001,and 2006,and supported by Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis,vegetation index,and dimidiate pixel model.In addition,VBSI(vegetation,bare soil and shadow indices) suitable for TM/ETM+ images,constructed with FCD(forest canopy density) model principle and put forward by ITTO(International Tropical Timber Organization),was used,and it was applied to estimate the VFC.The estimation accuracy was later proven to be up to 83.52%.Further,the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis.Forest,grassland,and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage,and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation.The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area,whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change.Therefore,planting trees,protecting grasslands,reclaiming farmlands,and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage.Finally,the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover digital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.     

鄂尔多斯高原地下水浅埋区植被与地下水埋深关系

采用植被样方实地调查结合浅井揭露地下水埋深的方法,建立鄂尔多斯高原苏贝淖周边滩地植被群落总盖度、单物种盖度及物种空间演替与地下水埋深的定量关系。研究表明,群落总盖度与水位埋深在1.6m内有明显相关关系;苔草、碱蓬、芦苇、马兰和芨芨草等低湿地物种存在适生水位,分别为0.4m、0.6m、0.8m、0.8m和1.6m;物种演替与水位埋深关系表明,水位埋深小于0.6m地带,为湿生、盐生植被优势区;大于3.2m地带为旱生、沙生植被优势区。同时,1.6m为生态交错带临界水位,该区域湿生、中生、旱生和沙生等植被类型均有分布,物种数量最多,物种多样性最大。不同水位埋深下的植被分布和演替规律可为预测地下水开发后植被变化演替提供重要科学依据。     

额济纳绿洲植被生态需水量空间分布

生态环境需水量是当前水资源管理等学科研究的重点和难点。以额济纳绿洲为例,采用GIS技术进行生态分区的基础上采用阿维里扬诺夫方法估算绿洲植被生态需水。结果表明:现状2009年绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为4.72262×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被生态需水分别占绿洲植被总需水量的8.8%、2.8%、34.3%、46.3%、6.8%、1.0%。要将植被恢复到20世纪80年代的规模,绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为7.12841×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被需水占绿洲植被总需水量的12.7%、4.5%、30.6%、39.6%、10.6%、2.0%。在现状流域水量分配方案下,平水年和枯水年都存在不同程度的缺水量。以上研究成果可为目前实施的生态水量调度提供技术支撑和参考。     

1982-2006年华北植被指数时空变化特征

利用1982-2006年GIMMS/NDVI数据,研究华北近25 a来植被指数在时间和空间上的变化。结果表明:①植被指数的年内变化呈单峰型,最大值出现在夏季,其中北京市NDVI最大,森林NDVI比农田和草地NDVI大;②华北年平均NDVI呈增加趋势,河北省植被指数增加最快,北京市次之,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田NDVI增加最快,草地次之,森林最小;③空间趋势分析结果显示,华北植被指数改善的面积占整个地区面积的15.96%,退化面积占11.86%,其中,河北省改善面积最大,内蒙古退化较明显,不同土地覆盖类型中,农田植被改善最明显;④基于华北近年暖干化发展趋势下,人类活动对该区域NDVI变化起到了重要作用。     

低覆盖度柠条固沙林不同配置对植被修复的影响

低覆盖度行带式固沙林具有显著的防风固沙效果,已经在我国的半干旱地区广泛推广。针对内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市和林格尔县不同配置的柠条锦鸡儿人工林,进一步研究不同带间宽度带内植被自然恢复过程及物种多样性的差异,结果表明:(1)在覆盖度为20%左右时,合理的行带式格局分布的柠条锦鸡儿人工林带间植被的恢复效果优于随机分布格局的样地。(2)柠条行带式造林不宜太窄和盖度太大,会影响其林下物种丰富度。(3)宽的带间距带内物种丰富度与物种多样性和均匀度以及其生物量变化曲线呈现了两个高峰,出现在距柠条带6-8m左右,而窄的带间距带内只有一个高峰。因此,该地区柠条带宽度为12m-16m可以使其带内的草本物种多样性和生物量达到最大。     

青海气候变化趋势及对植被生产力影响的研究

应用青海省南部三江源区、东北祁连山地及环青海湖区气象站1961-2004年气温、降水和所在地区植被地上净初级生产力资料,分析和模拟了44年来有关气候变化特征以及植被生产力与气温、降水、地理坐标参数间的关系,模拟估算了假设未来气候温暖化情景下青海植被生产力变化的可能。结果表明:44年来青海各地气温均在升高,青海北部比南部增温明显;年降水量变化平稳,但北部比南部有所增加;土壤实际蒸发散表现出明显的升高趋势;青海南部植被地上净初级生产力(NPP)逐年降低,青海东北地区相对平稳。模拟计算表明,由于青藏高原植被的生长主要受温度条件的限制,在未来气候增暖,降水不变或增加的趋势下,植被地上NPP均有所增加。     

Maternal salinity environment affects salt tolerance during germination in Anabasis setifera: A facultative desert halophyte

The effects of maternal salinity and light incubation on the salinity tolerance of the facultative halophyte Anabasis setifera during their germination stages were assessed. Seeds were collected from non-saline habitats in Egypt and saline habitats in the United Arab Emirates(UAE). The seeds of the two populations were germinated in 0, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 m M Na Cl, and incubated at 25°C/15°C in both 12-h light and 12-h darkness regimes and continuous darkness. Significantly more seeds germinated in the Egyptian population than in the UAE population. Salinity tolerance was significantly greater with the Egyptian population than with the UAE population, especially under the conditions of higher salinities. The difference in salinity tolerance between the seeds of two populations was attributed to their seed mass. In addition, germination was significantly faster for the Egyptian population than for the UAE population. Most of the saline treated seeds were able to recover their germination when transferred to distilled water, but this depended on their maternal salinity and light incubation. Recovery from higher salinities was significantly better for the seeds under darkness than for those under light in the UAE population, but the reverse was true for the seeds in the Egyptian population. The higher salinity tolerance for the A. setifera seeds from the non-saline Egyptian population and the lower salinity tolerance for the seeds from the saline UAE population cannot explain their natural distribution. Further studies about other possible roles, such as levels of different promoting and inhibiting phytohormones, are needed to understand the importance of salinity as an environmentally induced maternal effect.     

基于MODIS的沙漠化地区植被覆盖度提取模型的研究

目前常用的植被覆盖度遥感反演模型,受限条件较多,所用系数精度不高。针对上述问题,提出了利用研究区域的实测最大和最小植被覆盖度确定反演模型系数的方法和基于MODIS影像数据的地面实测验证方法。经用该方法对毛乌素沙地沙漠化地区的植被覆盖度进行反演,并同步监测该区域的地表覆盖度对反演结果进行验证,结果表明地面同步实测植被覆盖度与反演的误差绝对值平均值为0.04,反演方法精度较高。研究表明本文提出的利用MODIS影像数据反演沙漠化地区地表覆盖度的模型、地面验证方法切实可行,适合对沙漠化地区地表植被覆盖度大范围且快速的遥感监测。     

渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲植物气候生产力变化特征分析

收集位于渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲区的库车气象站和沙雅气象站1961～2000年的气温和降水实测资料,应用Thamthwaite Memorial模型计算渭于河一库车河三角洲绿洲区近40 a来自然植被净第一性气候生产力,并以回归分析和趋势线分析方法分析了其年际变化特征.结果表明:①近40 a来渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲区自然植被净第一性气候生产力呈现出明显的增长趋势,其变化倾向率为28.21 g/(m2·10a),在40 a中增加约为112.84 g/m2,近40 a来研究区自然植被净第一性气候生产力的变化趋势为自北向南显著增加.②由于研究区水热条件的不同,自然植被净第一性气候生产力有明显的区域差异,整个研究区近40 a的自然植被净第一性气候生产力平均值为123.35 g/(m2·a),北部库车县137.10 g/(m2·a),南部沙雅县110.16 g/(m2·a),即自然植被净第一性气候生产力的空间分布是北高南低.③研究区自然植被净第一性气候生产力与年降水量的相关性优于自然植被净第一性气候生产力与年均气温之闻的相关性,因为渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲是个干旱区绿洲,气候干燥,水资源短缺,降水是自然植被净第一性气候生产力的主要限制因子.