Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

种植密度对冬小麦根系的影响

在大田和盆栽条件下,研究了种植密度对冬小麦根系的影响。单株次生根随密度增加而减少,且因生育期进展其影响更为显著;群体(?)生根量生育前期与密度呈正相关,生育后期处理间差异不显著。根干重的变化趋势与次生根相同。根系的垂直分布,密植处理拔节前发展较快;而稀播在生育后期发展迅速,(?)深层根比较发达。稀播小麦的根系活力强于密植的。单株次生根数、根重均与单株穗粒数、粒重呈正相关关系。所以,适当稀播可以培育壮根,增强根系活力,充分发挥土壤、特别是深层土壤的作用。     

牛瘤胃胃电频谱分析中窗函数的选择

采用三种常用的窗口函数,对牛瘤胃４ 种生理状态下胃电（峰电位和慢电位）的频谱进行了分析比较,得出了不同窗函数下频谱中幅值的特性,并分析确定了作者课题组频谱分析时的窗口函数——汉宁窗。     

The critical N dilution curve for linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is different from other C3 species

The objective was to determine the critical N dilution curve of linseed, which is the minimal total N concentration in shoots necessary to produce the maximal shoot dry matter, and to explain possible differences with other C3 species. One main experiment was carried out in 1998/1999 on winter linseed with four levels of fertilizer N. Two plant densities were also studied, the recommended one (600 seeds m⁻²) and the minimum for canopy closure (150 seeds m⁻²), in order to investigate the stability with plant density of the critical N dilution curve. Shoot dry weights (W_S) and shoot N contents expressed in percentage (N_S) were measured for the determination of the critical dilution curve, along with organ N percentages and relative weights. The results of four other experiments were used to validate the critical N dilution curve. Three of these four trials were conducted on winter linseed (one in 1996/1997 and two in 1997/1998) with five levels of fertilizer N, and one on spring linseed in 1999 with six levels of fertilizer N.

The critical N dilution curve of linseed was different from those of other C3 species. The curve was steeper, indicating a greater decrease in the critical shoot N concentration (N_SC) as the critical shoot dry weight (W_SC) increased. This linseed curve determined with the data of the main experiment was relevant when compared to the data of the four other experiments. Organ weight ratios and N concentration of organs were investigated in a fertilizer N treatment resulting in N_S close to the critical N values, N_SC. In this treatment, the decrease in N_S was the result of both a decrease in the N percentage of all organs and a decrease in the leaf weight ratio. The difference between linseed and other C3 species was mainly due to an acceleration of the dilution of N when leaf emission stopped and the flower bud emission began. At this stage of development, the leaf weight ratio of linseed was less than that of wheat, resulting in lower N_S. For a given W_S, no significant differences in N_S, organ N percentages nor organ weight ratios were observed between the two plant densities. This indicates that the difference between linseed and other C3 species could not result from very high plant densities in linseed. Hence, it is concluded that the linseed N accumulation in shoot is different from other C3 species.     

应用性诱剂对福建甘薯蚁象的监测与防治研究

为了明确甘薯蚁象的发生情况,2009、2010年采用性诱剂诱集的方法对福建福州和莆田甘薯蚁象的发生情况进行了监测,2011年对性诱剂的诱捕器和放置密度进行了比较研究。结果表明,不同年份甘薯蚁象的发生高峰期不尽相同,总体上以7-10月为发生最严重的时期;在连年种植、管理粗放的甘薯田块蚁象发生严重。商品黄色塑料筒诱捕器的诱集效果优于自制漏斗型瓶装诱捕器;但是自制漏斗型瓶装诱捕器较为实用;不同厂家的诱芯田间诱虫效果差异不明显;每667 m 2放置3个诱芯可以有效地诱集蚁象。性诱剂诱捕区与非诱捕区相比,危害明显减轻,甘薯产量明显增加,因此,采用性诱剂诱捕的措施可以减轻甘薯蚁象的危害。     

不同种植密度对玉米田杂草发生及玉米产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同种植密度39 000~63 000株/hm~2对春玉米和夏玉米田间杂草数量和生物量、玉米株高、产量构成因素及产量的影响。结果表明,随着种植密度增加,春玉米田总杂草的数量,春玉米田和夏玉米田总杂草的生物量、穗粒数和千粒质量均呈逐渐降低趋势;春玉米的株高随种植密度的增大而增高,夏玉米的株高变化不明显;随着种植密度增加,玉米的产量呈现增加趋势,尤其是种植密度较低时,春玉米的产量增幅明显。因此,在四川省适当提高玉米的种植密度既可以降低田间杂草发生量,又可以增加玉米产量,但春玉米种植密度不宜高于57 000株/hm~2,夏玉米最高可达63 000株/hm~2。     

马尾松人工林木材主要材性家系间的变异

对25个家系马尾松人工林木材主要物理力学性能进行测定和比较分析。结果表明,马尾松人工林木材气干密度由大到小居前五位的家系依次为378、329、317、341、335,顺纹抗压强度值由大到小居前5位的家系依次是335、350、372、325、329;家系341和350马尾松人工林木材体积干缩系数和差异干缩均较小,尺寸性稳定均较好。方差分析表明,家系对马尾松人工林木材主要物理力学性能影响显著。多重比较分析表明,马尾松人工林木材气干密度、体积干缩系数、差异干缩以及顺纹抗压强度各家系间大都表现为差异显著或极显著。家系335、341、350、378可作为马尾松人工林木材品质选育的优良材料。     

黄土高原毛白杨人工老龄林生态系统碳密度研究

为评价黄土高原毛白杨人工林的碳汇能力,以45a生的老龄毛白杨林地为研究对象,通过对3块林地和2块临近荒地生态系统不同层次有机碳密度的调查得出,45a的毛白杨人工林生态系统有机碳密度为16.775kg.m-2,与荒地对比总有机碳密度增加了113.75%,平均每年增长2.53%,林地各层次有机碳密度大小依次为土壤层乔木层枯落物层草本层灌木层,分别占总有机碳密度的70.63%、27.11%、2.07%、0.14%和0.05%,表明土壤层与乔木层为林地生态系统有机碳的主要来源。说明在毛白杨人工林造林后期有显著的碳增汇效应。     

Least limiting water range: A potential indicator of changes in near-surface soil physical quality after the conversion of Brazilian Savanna into pasture

The Brazilian savanna, or “Cerrado”, is an ecosystem that originally covered more than 200 Mha in Brazil. It is estimated that about 49.5 Mha in the Cerrado are now covered with cultivated pastures, which are responsible for half of Brazilian beef production. However, soil and pasture degradation represent a threat to this productive system and to the Cerrado ecosystem itself. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the least limiting water range (LLWR) as an index of near-surface soil physical quality after conversion of Brazilian savanna to continuous and short-duration grazing systems. Three sites were evaluated: native Cerrado (NC), continuous grazing (CG), and short-duration grazing (SG). Thirty soil cores (5 cm height, 5 cm diameter) were collected at each site, and used for soil bulk density, soil water retention curve, and soil penetration resistance curve determinations. The results were used for quantification of LLWR and critical bulk density (D_bc), in which LLWR equals zero. The near-surface soil physical quality, as evaluated by the LLWR, was most restrictive for potential root growth in SG. In CG, potential restriction was moderate; however, the entire soil bulk density range was below the D_bc. In NC, potential restriction was minimum. The soil structural degradation process was primarily related to the increase in stocking rates in the grazing systems. The LLWR proved to be a useful indicator of Cerrado soil physical quality, being sensitive to alterations in near-surface physical properties.