Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

优质高产杂交糯稻新品种嘉糯1优2号高产制种技术

嘉糯1优2号是福建农林大学作物遗传育种研究所选育的优质、高产杂交糯稻新品种,2009年7月通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。根据嘉糯1优2号亲本的特征特性,结合制种生产实践,提出了嘉糯1优2号高产制种技术。     

大豆PAL2-3基因的克隆及转化研究

大豆异黄酮是苯丙氨酸代谢途径中合成的一类次级代谢产物,在苯丙氨酸代谢途径中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)是关键酶和限速酶。本课题组前期研究发现PAL基因的相对表达量与大豆异黄酮含量具有明显的协同增减趋势,并且在PAL基因家族成员时空表达模式分析中发现,PAL2-3(XM_003542493)是PAL基因家族中相对表达量较高的主要表达成员之一。本试验首先通过克隆大豆中PAL2-3基因;然后构建pCAMBIA3301-GmPAL2-3植物过表达载体,将构建好的pCAMBIA3301-GmPAL2-3表达载体重组质粒转化到根癌农杆菌EHA105中;采用农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化体系获得转化植株,并对T1代转化植株进行PPT检测,外源标记基因Bar检测以及荧光定量PCR检测,对转基因阳性植株进行大豆籽粒异黄酮含量的测定。结果表明T_1代转基因植株中PAL2-3基因的表达量是对照的5.11~11.24倍,总异黄酮含量最高的(2 587.63μg·g~(-1))是对照(1 616.90μg·g~(-1))的1.6倍。因此在大豆中过量表达PAL2-3基因可以提高大豆籽粒中异黄酮含量。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on bulbil germination and early seedling growth in Chinese yam under different air temperatures

The present study investigated the effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]) and air temperature on the germination of seed bulbils and the seedling vigour of two Chinese yam lines. Plants were grown under two [CO₂] levels, ambient and elevated (ambient + 200 μmol mol^?1), and two mean air temperature regimes, 22.2 °C (ambient + 1.4 °C) and 25.6 °C (ambient + 5.2 °C). Elevated [CO₂] did not affect bulbil germination under both air temperature regimes. During the early growth stage, the dry weight (DW) of leaves, vines, shoots, roots, belowground parts (roots + tubers) and whole plants were higher under elevated [CO₂] than ambient [CO₂] for both lines under the low- and high-temperature regimes. The values of vigour indexes (index I = germination % × seedling length and index II = germination % × seedling DW) were also higher under elevated [CO₂] than ambient [CO₂] for both lines. These results indicated that Chinese yam seedlings respond positively to elevated [CO₂] during the early growth stage. The above:belowground DW ratios were lower under elevated [CO₂] than ambient [CO₂] in seedlings with very small new tubers for both yam lines, indicating that elevated [CO₂] strongly affected the root growth in the early growth stage. The DWs of post-treatment seed bulbils were higher in the elevated [CO₂] under both air temperature regimes. The results showed that Chinese yam used a smaller amount of the reserves in seed bulbils under elevated [CO₂] than under ambient [CO₂].     

晚播条件下施氮量对稻茬小麦氮素吸收及产量的影响

为给安徽省江淮稻麦轮作区域晚播稻茬小麦高产栽培的氮肥合理施用提供依据,选用当地主栽品种扬麦18和皖垦麦076为试验材料,设置5个施氮水平(0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm~(-2)),分析施氮量对晚播小麦氮素积累与分配、糖氮比、氮素同化酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高小麦各器官的氮积累量以及营养器官花前贮存氮素转运量、转运效率和转运氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率,氮素收获指数随着施氮量的增加而降低。随施氮量的增加,小麦各生育时期不同器官的糖氮比值显著降低。小麦的氮素分配比例在生育前期以叶片最高,成熟期籽粒中氮素分配比例显著高于其余部位,而小麦的可溶性糖分配比例在生育前期以茎鞘最高,成熟期籽粒较高。在0～270 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量范围内,增施氮肥后,两个小麦品种的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性均显著提高,穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量均明显增加。继续增加施氮量至360kg·hm~(-2)时,氮素同化酶活性和产量无显著变化,说明施氮过多对小麦氮素同化和产量无益。土壤氮贡献率、氮肥农学利用效率和氮素偏生产力均随施氮量增加而降低。推荐江淮区域稻茬小麦晚播条件下适宜施氮量为180～270kg·hm~(-2)偏下限,可兼顾高产及氮素高效吸收和利用。     

玉米中RING型E3泛素连接酶基因ZmGW2的表达分析

前期研究克隆得到ZmGW2基因, 该基因与水稻粒重相关基因OsGW2同源, 编码一个RING型E3泛素连接酶。研究表明, 该基因位于玉米的百粒重相关的QTL区域, 并且其表达量与玉米粒宽呈显著负相关。通过荧光定量PCR研究分析ZmGW2在杂交优势系中的表达量, 结果验证该基因的表达与玉米粒重呈负相关。半定量RT-PCR分析该基因在逆境胁迫下的表达模式, 结果表明, ZmGW2基因还可以被高盐(NaCl)、干旱、低温(4℃)和脱落酸(ABA)等逆境胁迫诱导表达。     

甘蔗单糖转运蛋白基因ShPST2a克隆及亚细胞定位

参照GenBank中公布的甘蔗品种Q117ShPST2a基因序列,设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法从甘蔗成熟茎秆中扩增出甘蔗单糖转运蛋白的基因序列,命名为ShPST2a,该序列长2 455 bp,包含1个2238 bp阅读框,编码745个氨基酸;构建该基因的瞬时表达载体,通过基因枪轰击洋葱表皮的方法对ShPST2a编码蛋白进行亚细胞定位研究.结果表明,该基因编码蛋白定位于细胞膜,符合细胞膜转运蛋白的特征,为进一步研究该基因编码蛋白的结构和功能奠定了基础.     

EGCG抑制Nicotine诱导肺腺癌H1299细胞JAK2/STAT3 mRNA的表达研究

为探索EGCG对Nicotine诱导肺癌细胞增殖的抑制作用,本研究通过MTT实验筛选出EGCG、Nicotine对肺腺癌细胞H1299的最佳作用浓度,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测EGCG、Nicotine对H1299细胞中Bax、Bcl-2、Jak2和Stat3基因mRNA相对表达量的变化。实验结果表明,EGCG对H1299细胞的半抑制浓度IC₅₀值约为32βμmol·L^-1（24βh）、15βμmol·L^-1（48βh）;1βμmol·L^-1的Nicotine对H1299细胞促增殖作用明显;以15βμmol·L^-1的EGCG预处理H1299细胞24βh可显著下调1βμmol·L^-1 Nicotine的促增殖作用（P<0.05）。1βμmol·L^-1的Nicotine处理H1299细胞可明显降低JAK2/STAT3信号通路中Bax基因mRNA的表达,增加Bcl-2、Jak2、Stat3基因的mRNA表达;15βμmol·L^-1 EGCG预处理H1299细胞可反向调控Nicotine诱导所致JAK2/STAT3信号通路中Jak2、Stat3和Bax、Bcl-2基因表达量的变化,结果具有显著性差异（P<0.05）。由此可知,EGCG对Nicotine诱导的肺腺癌H1299细胞增殖及JAK2/STAT3信号通路中促增殖基因mRNA的表达起抑制作用。     

逆境相关转录因子DREB2A转化紫花苜蓿的研究

以逆境性相关转录因子DREB2A为目的基因、除草剂抗性的bar基因为标记,构建了植物表达载体pCD2A,并通过农杆菌介导法以无菌苗子叶为外植体转化公农1号苜蓿。经过共培养、抑菌和筛选培养,在含有2 mg/L Basta的培养基获得71株抗性再生植株。用1 mg/L的Basta对抗性植株叶片进行进一步筛选,并经PCR检测,获得11株阳性植株,表明DREB2A已整合到植株的基因组中。     

草花育苗大棚定时灌溉系统研制

研究了采用DS12C887提供实时时钟、单片机AT89S51进行控制的草花育苗大棚灌溉系统.该控制系统采用模块化的设计,把时钟单元设计成了一个单独的模块,这样可以向任意多的定时单元提供实时时钟信号,所以控制系统有很好的扩展性,可以根据大棚的数目来扩展控制器的数目.通过现场调试,其运行满足实际要求.