转化土壤中不溶性有机磷和无机磷化合物为可溶性磷酸盐的细菌——Ⅰ.细菌的分离和鉴定

从植物营养的观点出发,转化土壤中不溶性有机磷和无机磷化合物为可溶性磷酸盐的过程具有极重大的意义,结果可以大大地提高土壤的生产力。最近,P.A.曼吉娜(Р.А.Менкина)指出:Bacillus megatherium var .phos-phaticum 与 Serratia var.phosphaticum 能矿化卵磷脂或核酸一类的有机磷化合     

有机质、石灰、磷酸盐和淹水对红壤中铝形态的影响

研究了有机质，施用石灰和磷酸盐，以及淹水培育对红壤铝形态的影响。结果表明，用Ｈ２Ｏ２去除有机质，施用石灰和磷酸盐，以及淹水培育，使土壤ｐＨ升高，交换态铝减少，吸附态无机羟基铝增加。而施用腐殖酸使土壤ｐＨ降低，交换态铝增加，有机配合态略有上升。     

应用于泥石流防治工程中的缓冲材料效果评价

混入泥石流中而运移的巨大石块,一旦冲撞泥石流防治设施,便会产生巨大的冲击力,设施常常遭破坏.在预制砼砂防坝情况下,虽然可通过增加厚度来达到某种程度的抵挡作用,但坝顶宽度特别宽的坝体既不经济又不切实.最近,人们提出或正要提出几种适用于泥石流防治设施中的缓冲材料,但均未对其效果进行论证性评价.本文通过和无缓冲材料的砼板冲击力比较,评价出各种缓冲材料的缓冲效果及给出新开发的缓冲材料所需条件,且提供一种效果评价方法.     

不同酸性物质对石灰性土壤的酸化效果研究

采用室内模拟试验研究了酸性物质对石灰性土壤的酸化效果。结果表明,磷酸能有效地降低石灰性土壤的pH,要使土壤pH由8.89降至6.0左右,最佳酸用量为3.27g/100g土。对于pH较高的石灰性土壤,只用低pH(pH=5.5)的酸水溶液在短时间内降低土壤pH是不切实际的。磷酸二氢铵不仅具有很好的酸化效果,且具有很好的缓冲性能,每100g土壤加入2.3g磷酸二氢铵可使石灰性土壤pH从8.89降低到6.39,并能维持较长的酸性环境。施用5%的硫磺可在30d内使土壤pH降低到7.0～7.5之间。     

利用林木简支梁防治泥石流

森林具有防御或减轻自然灾害的机能。缓冲林带可促进土沙的堆积。利用林木作成简支梁可防御泥石流。通过对林木简支梁的受力分析 ,提出树干 (立木 )、梁 (横木 )抵抗泥石流冲击力所需的强度及最小胸径、直径和林间距的设定方法。研究结果表明 :当林木密度为 80 0株 hm2 、立木间距为 3 5m时 ,基本上可抗御泥石流。梁最小直径、立木胸径应随着泥石流速度增大而增大。当流速为 5m s时 ,粱直径选择 2 2～ 36cm。立木胸径计算值为 36 5～ 5 1 5cm ,但实际上 12～ 30cm也可满足实用要求。为增强拦截效果 ,可增设支撑措施。     

Types of Crystalline Iron Oxides and Phosphate Adsorption in Variable Charge Soils

The types,contents and morphologies of crystalline Fe oxides and their relations to phosphate adsorption on the clay fractions in soils with varable charge in southern China were investigated by means of XRD,TEM,EMA and chemical analysis methods.Results indicated that the types and contents of crystalline Fe oxides varied with the soils examined.The dominant crystaline Fe oxide was hematite in the latosols and goethites in the red soils.In yellow-brown soils,the only crystalline Fe oxide was goethite.The difference between Ald and Alo came mainly from the Al Substituting for Fe in the Fe oxides.The crystal morphology of goethite appeared mainly as subrounded flat or iso-dimensional rather than acicular particles,Hematities occurred in plates of various thickness,Their MCDa/MCDc ratios in the latosols and red soils were generally above 1.5 and below 1.5,respectively.The MCD values of goethites and hematites were 15-25nm and 20-35nm,and their specific surface areas were 80-120m^2/g and 35-75m^2/g,respectively.The goethite crystals were generally smaller,Variations of the total amounts of crystalline Fe oxides in clay fractions were not related to plhophats adsorption.The types,contents and morphologies of crystalline Fe oxides in the soils remarkably affected phosphate adsorption characteristics of the soils.The phosphate adsorption of goethite was much greater than that of hematite,The higher th MCDa/MCDc ratio of hematite,the lower the phosphate adsorption.     

黄土类土对无机外源砷的缓冲动力学研究

研究了黄土类土对不同浓度外源As的缓冲性及其随平衡时间、污染物浓度的动态变化规律;阐明了黄土类土对As的缓冲速率与平衡时间的关系;确定了黄土类土对As的缓冲动力学方程,为更准确的评价黄土类土对As的污染-净化能力提供依据。     

农林复合生态系统的生态学原理及生态经济功能研究进展

 农林复合生态系统是一种人工自然复合生态经济系统,对植被恢复和持续发挥土地生产力,具有极为重要的生态经济价值。在综述前人研究的基础上,论述农林复合生态系统生态学原理及生态经济功能的一系列问题:解析农林复合生态系统的定义和基本特征;归纳农林复合生态系统构建的生态学原理和生态经济功能,其中着重说明农林复合生态系统结构组分选择的原则、依据和结构优化的标志,在生态过渡区构建农林复合生态系统,可发挥双向生态缓冲功能。认为:今后农林复合生态系统的研究,应以受干扰较轻的自然生态系统为参照模式,研究农林复合生态系统组分间的生态关系,生物组分生态和谐机制,小尺度的空间异质性对局部生境植被恢复与构建的生态效应,并加强农林复合生态系统的生态定位研究。     

pH对针铁矿表面磷酸盐吸附的化学形态的影响

Chemical forms of the phosphate adsorbed on goethite surfaces and characteristics of the coordinate groups which exchange with P on goethite surfaces in solutions with different pll values were investigated.Results showed that the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces changed from the dominance of monodentate corrdination to that of bidentate one with increasing pH of the solution.By influencing types of phosphate ions in solutions,pH affected the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces,The amount of OH^- displaced by phosphae on goethite surfaces was the most at pH 7.0,the second at pH 9.0,and the least at pH 4.5.     

根－土界面区域磷酸盐的分布和移动: Ⅱ. 土壤水分含量和磷酸盐施用量的影响

The phosphate in the soil-root interface zone under various soil water contents and application rates of phosphate was still of depletion distribution which could be described by a power function in the form of C/Co= ax^b(C/Co is the relative content of fertilized phosphate in a distance from the root surface x, a and b are the regression constants). The depletion rate of phosphate in soil near the root surface was higher and the depletion range was narrower under lower soil moisture. On the contrary, at higher soil water content the depletion range was wider, generally. The application rate of phosphate led to the greater depletion intensity of phosphorus was higher in the heavier texture soils. In general, the depletion intensity in the soils, which decreased with increasing clay content or increasing buffering power of soil, decreased in the order as loessal soil and black lou soil > lou soil > yellow cinnamon soil when 50 or 100 mg of phosphorus were applied in the form of KH₂PO₄. This result indicated that the phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-root interface zone closely related with the buffering capacity of soil.