GMOs in animal agriculture: time to consider both costs and benefits in regulatory evaluations

In 2012, genetically engineered （GE） crops were grown by 17.3 million farmers on over 170 million hectares. Over 70% of harvested GE biomass is fed to food producing animals, making them the major consumers of GE crops for the past 15 plus years. Prior to commercialization, GE crops go through an extensive regulatory evaluation. Over one hundred regulatory submissions have shown compositional equivalence, and comparable levels of safety, between GE crops and their conventional counterparts. One component of regulatory compliance is whole GE food/feed animal feeding studies. Both regulatory studies and independent peer-reviewed studies have shown that GE crops can be safely used in animal feed, and rDNA fragments have never been detected in products （e.g. milk, meat, eggs） derived from animals that consumed GE feed. Despite the fact that the scientific weight of evidence from these hundreds of studies have not revealed unique risks associated with GE feed, some groups are calling for more animal feeding studies, including long-term rodent studies and studies in target livestock species for the approval of GE crops. It is an opportune time to review the results of such studies as have been done to date to evaluate the value of the additional information obtained. Requiring long-term and target animal feeding studies would sharply increase regulatory compliance costs and prolong the regulatory process associated with the commercialization of GE crops. Such costs may impede the development of feed crops with enhanced nutritional characteristics and durability, particularly in the local varieties in small and poor developing countries. More generally it is time for regulatory evaluations to more explicitly consider both the reasonable and unique risks and benefits associated with the use of both GE plants and animals in agricultural systems, and weigh them against those associated with existing systems, and those of regulatory inaction. This would represent a shift away from a GE evaluation process that currently focuses only on risk assessment and identifying ever diminishing marginal hazards, to a regulatory approach that more objectively evaluates and communicates the likely impact of approving a new GE plant or animal on agricultural production systems.     

卵磷脂在水产动物营养中应用研究

卵磷脂被誉为与蛋白质、维生素并列的"三大营养素".目前,卵磷脂在鱼类和甲壳动物幼体中的营养方面的重要作用已经引起人们的广泛重视.本文将对卵磷脂的理化性质,功能特性进行介绍说明,并对卵磷脂在水产动物饲料中的作用机理的应用研究进行阐述,旨在提高对卵磷脂以及磷脂的认识.     

柠条在草食动物饲料中的利用

对柠条在草食动物饲料中的利用进行了研究。结果表明,柠条作为饲料,具有很高的应用价值。一方面,柠条可以替代当地传统的混合牧草饲喂羊、兔等。这可以通过三条途径来实现。首先,柠条嫩枝叶直接青饲;第二,柠条经揉碎后饲用;第三,柠条制成草粉作为青干草粗饲料。另一方面,柠条粉添加调味剂后作为饲料,既可改善饲料的营养价值,又能增强草食动物的适口性。其次,拧条粉添加到精料补充料中作为草食动物精料中糠麸类的替代品,大大降低了饲料的成本。总之,柠条作为草食动物饲料,价格低廉,具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

尿素喂羊应当注意啥

尿素用作反刍动物饲料的效果早已得到证实，早在19世纪就有人发现，反刍动物前胃微生物可利用简单的非蛋白质含氮物合成蛋白质。由于尿素作饲料可节约价格较贵的蛋白质饲料，降低养畜成本。所以，自尿素在工业上直接合成成功后，有关尿素喂畜的研究更加丰富和深入。     

尿素在反刍动物饲料中的应用

尿素是一种简单的含氮化合物,属于非蛋白氮,纯尿素含氮46.65%,每公斤含氮量相当于7-8公斤植物油饼或26-28公斤谷类饲料所含的氮,是很有潜力的蛋白质饲料来源。一、反刍动物对尿素的利用原理牛、羊等反刍动物不能直接利用尿素,如果直接吸收了这种物质,不但没有营养价值,而且有毒害作用。但牛羊是复胃动物,瘤胃里有大量微生物和单细胞动物(细菌和纤毛虫)。每克瘤胃内容物中约有500-1000亿个细菌,20-200万纤毛虫。当尿素随饲料进入瘤胃以后,它就被瘤胃中大量微生物群落、单细胞动物所分泌出来的活力很强的脲酶所作用,经过很短时间(最快的仅仅几…     

中国甜高梁引进柬埔寨

你知道吗？酒、糖、纸、味精、动物饲料、燃料、乙醇……这些我们再熟悉不过的产品,都可从甜高梁中提取。甜高粱不仅可以深加工,而且它的果实、茎秆和根部都可以被利用,高梁穗脱粒以后所剩的苗子可以制作笤帚、扫帚、炊帚,真可谓全身是宝。     

奶水牛食盐中毒误诊为伪狂犬病的病例

食盐是维持动物正常生理活动所必须的常量矿物质元素．是动物饲料中不可缺少的成分。适量的食盐可以增食欲．助消化,但如果饲喂食盐量过多可引起中毒,甚至死亡。吃过多的食盐引起食盐中毒,在兽医临床上多见于猪,而奶水牛食盐中毒临床上较少见,因而在临床分析时很易被遗漏造成误诊。     

毛皮动物饲料应用过程中存在的问题

现在，许多养殖户都已采用配合饲料饲喂毛皮动物，但有的养殖场仍然采取传统的自配料方式，在应用中存在很多问题，主要问题表现如下：     

饲料中致病性微生物监测结果分析

动物饲料是“从农场到餐桌”食品安全链的第一个环节,饲料被病原菌污染可导致人类食源性疾病。病原菌污染饲料的方式途径不一,可能来自于植物性原料如大豆和谷类作物的污染、动物源性饲料如鱼粉和骨粉及羽毛粉等污染、微生态制剂及酶制剂中病原菌污染以及加工环境造成的交叉污染等,这些被病原菌污染的饲料进入生物体内后可通过其产品转移、传播,危害人类健康。为了摸清饲料中致病性微生物的污染情况,进一步加强和完善饲料安全监测lT作计划,我们对饲料中霉菌、致泻性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、志贺氏菌等致病性微生物进行了监测。     

超高效液相色谱－串联质谱法检测饲料中盐酸可乐定和盐酸赛庚啶

建立了检测饲料中盐酸可乐定和盐酸赛庚啶的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC/MS/MS）分析方法。样品经酸性甲醇提取,浓缩后用乙腈-0.2%甲酸溶解,经超高效液相色谱-串联质谱在多反应检测（MRM）模式下测定。结果显示盐酸可乐定和盐酸赛庚啶标准曲线在0.2～50μg/L浓度范围内线性良好。线性相关系数（r）分别为0.999 4和0.999 2;在0.02～1.0 mg/kg添加水平下,盐酸可乐定和盐酸赛庚啶的加标回收率在70%～110%,相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于10%（n=6）;本方法对动物饲料中盐酸可乐定和盐酸赛庚啶的定量限为0.02 mg/kg（S/N〉10）,检出限为0.01 mg/kg（S/N〉3）。