β(1,3)-葡聚糖对齐口裂腹鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

研究β(1,3)-葡聚糖对齐口裂腹鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响。选择健康均重为(67.97±6.99)g的齐口裂腹鱼432尾,随机分为6组。分别添加0、250、500、1 000、2 000和4 000 mg/kg的β(1,3)-葡聚糖,于实验的第14、28、425、6 d取样,测定各组头肾指数、脾脏指数、血液白细胞吞噬指数、红细胞吞噬指数、NBT阳性细胞数、血浆溶菌酶活力和补体C3的含量。结果表明:①添加适宜剂量(500~1 000 mg/kg)的β(1,3)-葡聚糖能显著增强齐口裂腹鱼的非特异性免疫功能;②长期(56 d)添加高剂量的β(1,3)-葡聚糖(4 000 mg/kg)对齐口裂腹鱼的非特异性免疫功能具有抑制效应。     

硒肥基施对胡萝卜产量及品质的效应研究

[目的]研究施用硒肥对胡萝卜中硒含量、胡萝卜产量和品质的影响。[方法]选用胡萝卜黑田五寸参为供试品种,采取大田栽种和盆栽2种栽培方式,设6个硒肥用量处理（0、8、16、24、32、40kg/hm^2）,进行基施颗粒硒肥试验。[结果]随着硒肥用量的增加,胡萝卜的产量有一定的提高,当硒肥用量为32k∥晡时,胡萝卜的产量增加速度有所下降。随着硒肥用量的增加,胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素的含量也随之增大。当盆栽硒肥的浓度为最大（40kg／h矗）时,胡萝卜素含量最大为9．337mg/L[结论]基施颗粒硒肥可以适当提高胡萝卜中硒含量,随着硒肥用量的增加,胡萝卜中胡萝卜素含量也随之增加,但从成本及食品安全的角度考虑,施硒量以不超过24kg／hm^2为宜。     

漳州水仙花瓣和副冠类胡萝卜素成分分析及合成途径基因表达研究

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析漳州水仙‘金盏银台’花瓣和副冠中主要类胡萝卜素成分。结果显示,黄色副冠的主要色素成分是叶黄素,含量为3.73×104 μg/g ,β-胡萝卜素的含量很低,仅2.7 μg/g;白色花瓣中各种类胡萝卜素的含量都极低。同时,采用RT-PCR方法分析类胡萝卜素合成途径结构基因PSY、PDS、ZDS、LYCE、LYCB、BCH在‘金盏银台’白色花瓣、黄色副冠,洋水仙‘粉红魅力’白色花瓣、红色花副冠,洋水仙‘嘹亮’黄色花瓣、橙黄色副冠中的表达情况。结果表明,花瓣与同一品种副冠间结构基因     

替米考星β-环糊精聚合物微球的制备与表征

[目的]优化替米考星β-环糊精聚合物（β-CDP）微球的制备工艺。[方法]采用共沉淀法制备替米考星β-CDP微球,以包封率和产率的回归分析综合得分为指标,通过L9（34）正交试验设计对制备工艺进行优化;采用扫描电镜、激光粒度分布仪、红外光谱仪和综合热分析仪对替米考星β-CDP微球进行表征。[结果]最佳工艺条件为：β-CDP微球3 g、替米考星0.25 g、反应温度50℃、反应时间1 h、搅拌速度600 r/min;在最佳工艺条件下：产率为83.32%,包封率为67.61%。以优化工艺制备的载药微球形态良好,平均粒径为161.35μm;替米考星进入到β-CDP微球中的内部,且以无定形的状态分散在聚合物载体中,具有较好的热稳定性。[结论]替米考星β-CDP微球制备方法合理可行。     

鲤鱼白细胞介素-1β全长cDNA的克隆·鉴定及其差异表达分析

[目的]进行鲤鱼白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）全长cDNA的克隆、鉴定及其差异表达分析。[方法]利用DD-RTPCR方法获得差异表达cDNA片段,对有丝分裂原刺激的鲤鱼外周血白细胞cDNA文库进行筛选,克隆了鲤鱼IL-1β的全长cDNA,并进行了序列分析和差异表达分析。[结果]获得的阳性克隆含有1个大小为831 bp编码276个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框。聚类分析表明,鲤鱼IL-1β氨基酸序列与日本鲤鱼紧密聚为一支,氨基酸序列的同源性达95%,之后聚类顺序依次为鲫鱼、斑马鱼、猪、牛、马、人和小鼠。差异表达分析表明,经有丝分裂原刺激后前期（4 h）白细胞中IL-1β的表达量显著增大,但随着时间推移（12,24 h）并非一直较同期大,表达量总体趋势成峰形。[结论]为进一步研究IL-1β在体内的表达方式、功能特点和调控机理以及在炎症反应、应急反应和免疫应答的作用机制奠定了基础。     

不同温度下雌激素对施氏鲟早期性腺发育及血清性激素的影响

在不同养殖温度下注射外源雌激素后对孵化后90日龄的施氏鲟性未分化的仔鱼进行培育,研究早期性腺发育过程中组织结构和血清性激素含量的变化,以了解温度和外源雌激素对施氏鲟幼鱼性分化和性别比率的影响,探讨施氏鲟的早期性别控制方法和机制。在不同试验温度下,注射外源雌激素-17β-estradiol(E2)30 d后,使施氏鲟幼鱼的卵巢分化提前,但未能改变施氏鲟雌雄1∶1的性别比率。注射24 h后各温度组血浆T含量下降到0 ng.mL-1,显著低于对照组0.46 ng.mL-1的水平(P<0.05)。注射30 d后,血浆T含量有所回升,但以高温组21、24和27℃组的血浆T含量开始回升,27℃组回升幅度最大,与处理前水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。注射后24 h,各温度组血浆E2含量显著升高(P<0.05),7 d后开始缓慢降低,15 d后降到最低值后开始回升,30 d时血浆E2含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与注射后血清T含量一样,以温度高组回升快,最快组为21℃组。结果表明,注射17β-E2不能改变施氏鲟的性别比率,但对施氏鲟血浆T和E2含量具有一定影响作用。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定香蕉中吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯

建立了香蕉中吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯多残留分析方法。样品经1%乙酸乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)和石墨化炭黑(GCB)净化,以甲醇和2mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱分离,采用电喷雾正离子源模式(ESI+),多反应监测(MRM)采集数据,基质匹配外标法定量。吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯在0.001～0.1mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r> 0.9991,方法检出限(LOD)为1 pg,定量限(LOQ)为0.01 mg/kg。在0.01、0.05、0.10 mg/kg3个添加水平下,吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯在香蕉中的回收率为84.91%～104.78%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.23%～9.69%。该法操作简单、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于香蕉中吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯的残留量测定。     

Measurement of genetic and environmental variation in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain hardness

In this study, we assessed a broad range of barley breeding lines and commercial varieties by three hardness methods (two particle size methods and one crush resistance method (SKCS—Single-Kernel Characterization System), grown at multiple sites to see if there was variation in barley hardness and if that variation was genetic or environmentally controlled. We also developed near-infrared reflectance (NIR) calibrations for these three hardness methods to ascertain if NIR technology was suitable for rapid screening of breeding lines or specific populations. In addition, we used this data to identify genetic regions that may be associated with hardness. There were significant (p<0.05) genetic effects for the three hardness methods. There were also environmental effects, possibly linked to the effect of protein on hardness, i.e. increasing protein resulted in harder grain. Heritability values were calculated at >85% for all methods. The NIR calibrations, with R² values of >90%, had Standard Error of Prediction values of 0.90, 72 and 4.0, respectively, for the three hardness methods. These equations were used to predict hardness values of a mapping population which resulted in genetic markers being identified on all chromosomes but chromosomes 2H, 3H, 5H, 6H and 7H had markers with significant LOD scores. The two regions on 5H were on the distal end of both the long and short arms. The region that showed significant LOD score was on the long arm. However, the region on the short arm associated with the hardness (hordoindoline) genes did not have significant LOD scores. The results indicate that barley hardness is influenced by both genotype and environment and that the trait is heritable, which would allow breeders to develop very hard or soft varieties if required. In addition, NIR was shown to be a reliable tool for screening for hardness. While the data set used in this study has a relatively low variation in hardness, the tools developed could be applied to breeding populations that have large variation in barley grain hardness.     

Molecular aspects of cereal β-glucan functionality: Physical properties,technological applications and physiological effects

Cereals β-glucans are linear homopolysaccharides of consecutively linked (1→4)-β-d-glucosyl residues (i.e. oligomeric cellulose segments) that are separated by single (1→3)-linkages. β-Glucans display all the functional properties of viscous and gel forming food hydrocolloids combined with all the physiological properties of dietary fibres. This review focuses on the relationships between the molecular–structural characteristics of β-glucans and their physicochemical properties in aqueous dispersions and in food systems as well as their physiological functions in the gastro-intestinal tract. The physical properties of β-glucans, such as solubility and rheological behaviour in the solution and gel states, are controlled by their molecular features, such as their distribution of cellulosic oligomers, their linkage pattern and their molecular weight as well as by temperature and concentration. The technological and nutritional functionality of β-glucans is often related to their rheological behaviour. Incorporation of β-glucans into various products (bread, muffins, pasta, noodles, salad dressings, beverages, soups, reduced-fat dairy and meat products) showed that attributes, such as breadmaking performance, water binding and emulsion stabilising capacity, thickening ability, texture, and appearance appear to be related to the concentration, molecular weight and structure of the polysaccharide. The health benefits of β-glucans, such as reducing blood serum cholesterol and regulating blood glucose levels, are also correlated with the amount and molecular weight of the solubilised β-glucans in the gastro-intestinal tract.     

Modelling the β-amylase activity during red sorghum malting when Bacillus subtilis is used to control mould growth

Steeping in dilute alkaline (0.2% NaOH) followed by resteeping in biocontrol (starters of Bacillus subtilis S499) has been used during red sorghum malting. The effect of steeping and germination conditions has been described using 2 functions: a Weibull 4-parameter model combined with a General Linear Model with Logarithm Link with significant goodness. Steeping conditions (combined use of NaOH and B. subtilis S499) affects the synthesis capacity of grain: when B. subtilis culture used in the steeping step is diluted, ln α increases, suggesting a loss of treatment efficacy. The germination temperature affects the β-amylase synthesis rate during the induction phase: the germination temperature increase is accompanied by a decrease of the β-amylase synthesis rate. During the repression phase of β-amylase synthesis, the effect of malting conditions was found to taper.