Zinc biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.): Status and challenges

Zn deficiency is one of the leading health problems in children and women of developing countries. Different interventions could be used to overcome malnutrition, but biofortification is most impactful, convenient, sustainable and acceptable intervention. Maize is one of the major crops grown and consumed in the regions with prevalent Zn malnutrition; therefore, this is suitable target for Zn biofortification. Zn biofortification of maize could be achieved through agronomic and genetic approaches. Discussion of agronomic approaches with genetic approaches is prerequisite because soils in developing countries are deficit of Zn and availability of Zn in soils is mandatory for estimating the genetic responses of maize genotypes through genetic approaches. Seed priming, foliar and soil applications are agronomic tools for biofortification, but solo and combined applications of these treatments have different effects on Zn enrichment. Genetic approaches include the increase of Zn bioavailability or increase of kernel Zn concentration. Zn bioavailability could be increased by reducing the anti‐nutritional factors or by increasing the bioavailability enhancers. Kernel Zn concentration could be improved through hybridization and selections, whereas genetically engineered attempts for improving Zn uptake from soil, loading in xylem, remobilization in grains and sequestration in endosperm can further improve the kernel Zn concentration. Key challenges associated with dissemination of Zn biofortified maize are also under discussion in this draft. Current review emphasized all of above‐mentioned contents to provide roadmap for the development of Zn biofortified maize genotypes to curb the global Zn malnutrition.     

秸秆还田与优化施氮改善烤烟根际土壤碳氮转化及氮素吸收

针对华南沙泥田烟区氮肥过量施用导致烟叶品质下降的问题,拟通过秸秆还田与氮肥优化配施调节烤烟各生育期氮吸收、根际土壤碳氮转化及相关酶的活性。试验采用随机区组设计,设水稻秸秆还田与氮肥两因素,其中3个碳（秸秆还田）水平：C0,无秸秆还田,0 kg/hm ²;C1,中量秸秆还田,4500 kg/hm ²;C2,全部秸秆还田,9000 kg/hm ²;2个氮水平：N1,传统施氮,169.50 kg/hm ²;N2,优化施氮,105.00 kg/hm ²。结果表明,与N1相比,N2处理秸秆还田下烤烟前期烟叶和根系氮吸收和累积正常,而后期有所下降;C1、C2处理时,与现蕾期相比,成熟期时根系氮含量均降低4.2 g/kg,叶片氮含量降低3.8、3.0 g/kg;成熟期时,与N1处理相比,N2处理时C1、C2处理的土壤无机氮含量降低30.4%、20.0%,前期2个氮处理间土壤无机氮含量无差异,优化施氮下中量秸秆还田（C1N2）处理烤烟土壤NH₄ ⁺-N含量在整个生育期内较高且呈降低趋势,而硝态氮和土壤无机氮含量在成熟期最低,表明中量秸秆还田下优化施氮能够维持生育前期土壤无机氮含量,且降低成熟期土壤无机氮含量。2个秸秆还田量处理时,团棵期N2处理的土壤转化酶活性是N1处理的1.30、1.13倍;旺长期土壤转化酶活性是N1处理的1.27、1.10倍;与传统施氮相比,秸秆还田下优化施氮处理增加了整个生育期土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性。在中量秸秆还田（C1）处理下,与N1水平相比,现蕾期和成熟期的N2处理土壤水溶性碳含量提高11.2%和14.1%;与N1相比,N2处理的土壤微生物量氮含量呈降低趋势。综上所述,优化施氮耦合中量秸秆还田（C1N2）能够提高土壤水溶性碳含量,维持土壤氮素合理供应,稳定烤烟生育前期对氮素吸收与累积,减少生育后期烟叶氮素奢侈吸收,与烤烟吸氮规律比较吻合。     

拔节期追氮对小麦植株地上部Zn吸收和积累的影响

为明确拔节期追氮对小麦植株地上部Zn吸收积累的影响,于2011-2012年以周麦18和济麦22为材料,研究了拔节期不同追氮量处理下,小麦植株开花期和成熟期叶片、茎鞘、穗部、籽粒的Zn含量,分析了各部位Zn的积累量.结果表明,周麦18植株地上部Zn含量和积累量高于济麦22;从空间分布来看,植株地上各部位Zn含量和积累量均随空间位置下移而降低;随拔节期追氮量的增加,两个小麦品种植株地上部Zn积累量在开花期呈先升后降趋势,成熟期则规律不明显,说明拔节期追氮能够调控小麦花后地上各部位Zn的积累和转运.小麦籽粒Zn含量与拔节期追氮量之间的关系可用二次曲线函数进行模拟.小麦植株Zn积累量对氮肥的响应存在品种间差异,周麦18在N3(底施纯氮120 kg·hm-2,追氮100 kg· hm-2)处理下植株Zn积累量和籽粒Zn含量最高,济麦22在N4(底施纯氮120 kg· hm-2,追氮140 kg·hm-2)处理下植株Zn积累量和籽粒Zn含量最高.     

1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌的时空分布特征与污染水平分析

根据历史和调查资料,对1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌(Zn)的时空分布特征和污染水平进行了分析与比较。结果表明,牡蛎体内Zn的浓度总平均值为211.5 mg/kg,从总体看其浓度出现频率呈对数正态分布。在时间上,牡蛎体内Zn总体平均浓度的分布呈阶段性变化,具体表现为1989—2007年Zn的浓度呈微弱降低的趋势,基本维持在197.0 mg/kg的水平;2007—2009年牡蛎体内Zn的浓度有明显升高的趋势,之后Zn的浓度有所降低。在空间上,粤东和粤西沿海牡蛎体内Zn浓度的变化均呈先降低后增加的趋势,且基本与广东沿海牡蛎体Zn平均浓度的变化趋势相同,而珠江口牡蛎体Zn的浓度水平相对较高并表现出趋于稳定的变化规律。单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,牡蛎体内Zn的总体不存在明显的污染,但从当前保护环境角度应当尽快设立我国水产品中Zn含量的限定标准。     

^60Co-γ射线对长毛明对虾进行辐射诱变适宜剂量初探

本文将^60Co-γ射线进行辐射诱变育种的技术首次应用于长毛明对虾的遗传育种过程,初步探讨了长毛明对虾的亲体及幼体在^60Co-γ射线下不同诱变剂量的生物学效应,并通过产卵量、孵化率、存活率及亲虾的活力等数据,对辐射诱变剂量进行筛选,确定辐射诱变育种过程中辐射剂量的适宜范围。实验数据通过SPSS11．0进行单因素方差分析以及线性回归分析,研究结果显示诱变剂量同长毛明对虾幼体各性状指标有显著的相关关系（R^2〉0．90）,各个实验组的孵化率以及存活率都随着诱变剂量的增加而呈现出相应的下降趋势,长毛明对虾进行辐射诱变适宜剂量的范围应在1Gy-10Gy之间,而有关诱变个体的胚胎发育和遗传分析还需进一步的研究。     

Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对茂名海域文昌鱼酸、碱性磷酸酶的影响

试验结果表明,在Cu2+质量浓度为0.096 mg/L水体中生活的文昌鱼酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)均不受抑制作用,在Cu2+质量浓度为0.16、0.256、0.356 mg/L水体中生活的文昌鱼的ACP、ALP活性均显著受抑制(P＜0.05),随时间延长和质量浓度升高,抑制作用增强.在Zn2+质量浓度达到0.195 mg/L时,文昌鱼的ALP与对照组同期相比受抑制作用显著(P＜0.05),随质量浓度增加,受抑制作用增强;ACP在Zn2+质量浓度达到0.39 mg/L时,文昌鱼ACP第10 d影响不显著(P＞0.05),第20 d和30 d表现出显著(P＜0.05)抑制作用,超过这一质量浓度,受抑制作用增强.在Cd2+水体中生活的文昌鱼ALP在Cd2+质量浓度为0.4 mg/L时,抑制显著(P＜0.05),在此质量浓度水体中的文昌鱼ACP在第30 d测定时也表现为抑制显著(P＜0.05),随时间延长和质量浓度增加,文昌鱼ACP、ALP活性受抑制作用增强,在最高质量浓度为2.0 mg/L时,至中期已经死亡.     

Effect of high rates of zinc on several crops grown on an irrigated plainfield sand

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to determine whether Zn applied for pathogen control could accumulate to a level which would be toxic to snapbeans, cucumbers, or corn. Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) was applied at rates varying from 0 to 363 kg Zn/ha on a Flainfield loamy sand to approximate 3, 9, 27 and 81 years of fungicidal treatment.

Even at the high rate of Zn, yields of snapbeans, cucumbers, or corn generally were not reduced. As rates of applied Zn increased, there was a corresponding increase in the level of Zn in the leaf tissue of all crops grown. At the high Zn rate, snapbean and cucumber leaf tissue accumulated over 350 ppm Zn. Available soil Zn was extracted with 0.1N HCl, EDTA, or DTPA. Highly significant correlations were observed between the Zn removed by each extractant and plant tissue Zn, thus, indicating that the various extractants were equally effective in predicting Zn uptake.

Very little downward movement of Zn was observed. Two and one‐half years after application, the Zn had leached to a depth of only 30 cm in the soil profile at the higher Zn rates.

These data indicate that application of Zn‐containing fungicides and bactericides should not cause a Zn toxicity problem on the Plainfield sand in the foreseeable future.     

Effect of zinc levels on phosphorous and zinc content in sand‐cultured soybeans

Soybeans (Glvcine max L.) cv. “Clark”; were grown in the greenhouse in sand‐filled plastic pots sub‐irrigated with Hoagland No. 1 solution to determine the possible inhibitory effects of Zn on the uptake of P. Zinc rates used were 0.05 (control), 0.25, 0.5 and 2.5 ppm. Yields equalled the control at Zn levels of 0.25 and 0.5 ppm, but plants grown in solutions containing 2.5 ppm Zn were stunted severely. Foliar Zn and P levels differed very little among Zn treatments. Zinc levels were highest and P levels were lowest, however, in the roots and stems of soybeans grown in solutions of 2.5 ppm Zn. Zinc and P uptake was significantly inhibited in the leaves, stems and roots of plants grown at the highest Zn rate. The recycling of wastes containing high Zn content could adversely affect plant growth by a suspected antagonism with P.     

17O-核磁共振法研究农药微乳剂浊点与 其组份之间的相关性

农药微乳剂浊点是微乳剂的主要质量技术指标之一。研究了3种不同种类农药的微乳剂组份与浊点的关系,并利用17O-核磁共振(17O-NMR)方法对其机理进行了探究。研究表明:浊点与表面活性剂、助表面活性剂与水之间形成的氢键强度成正相关;随着水质硬度的上升,浊点下降。建议选用亲水性强的表面活性剂和极性较强的助表面活性剂来配制微乳剂,同时为了节约成本和便于工厂生产,可采用自来水来配制农药微乳剂,而采取其他措施来提高农药微乳剂的浊点。     

锌、铁和维生素A互作对肉仔鸡血清中抗氧化生化指标的影响

试验选用360只健康1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡(公母混养),采用2×2×3三因子析因化设计,将360只试验雏鸡随机分成12组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。锌的添加浓度为:50、100mg/kg,铁的添加浓度为:30、60mg/kg,维生素A(VA)的添加浓度为:1500、3000、6000 IU/kg。以此来研究不同水平的锌、铁、VA同时添加时,三者间在肉仔鸡血清抗氧化功能方面的互作效应。研究结果表明:从血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量4个血液生化指标来看,锌、铁和VA三者之间表现出了显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。并且综合血清生化指标分析,锌、铁和VA的最适添加量分别为100mg/kg、60mg/kg和3000 IU/kg。