桃蚜体色生物型的研究

本文根据桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的体色将其分成黄绿色型、红色型和褐色型等三种体色生物型。三种体色生物型比较稳定,可能是由遗传基因控制的。测定表明,各体色生物型不仅体色有差别而且形态上也有一定区别。三种生物型对温度的适应性不同,以褐色型最为抗高温、抗低温,但在适温15—25℃的范围内γm比其它两型都要小;相反,黄绿色型对温度的适应范围最小,但在适温范围内γm最大;而红色型则居于两者之间。     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration and feeding period on the skin pigmentation of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

A single‐factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary astaxanthin concentration on the skin colour of snapper. Snapper (mean weight=129 g) were held in white cages and fed one of seven dietary levels of unesterified astaxanthin (0, 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 or 78 mg astaxanthin kg^?1) for 63 days. Treatments comprised four replicate cages, each containing five fish. The skin colour of all fish was quantified using the CIE L^*, a^*, b^* colour scale after 21, 42 and 63 days. In addition, total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of two fish cage^?1 were determined after 63 days. Supplementing diets with astaxanthin strongly affected redness (a^*) and yellowness (b^*) values of the skin at all sampling times. After 21 days, the a^* values increased linearly as the dietary astaxanthin concentration was increased before a plateau was attained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. The b^* values similarly increased above basal levels in all astaxanthin diets. By 42 days, a^* and b^* values increased in magnitude while a plateau remained between 39 and 78 mg kg^?1. After 63 days, there were no further increases in measured colour values, suggesting that maximum pigmentation was imparted in the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 42 days. Similarly, there were no differences in total carotenoid concentrations of the skin of snapper fed diets >39 mg kg^?1 after 63 days. The plateaus that occurred in a^* and b^* values, while still increasing in magnitude between 21 and 42 days, indicate that the rate of astaxanthin deposition in snapper is limited and astaxanthin in diets containing >39 mg astaxanthin kg^?1 is not efficiently utilized. Astaxanthin retention after 63 days was greatest from the 13 mg kg^?1 diet; however, skin pigmentation was not adequate. An astaxanthin concentration of 39 mg kg^?1 provided the second greatest retention in the skin while obtaining maximum pigmentation. To efficiently maximize skin pigmentation, snapper growers should commence feeding diets containing a minimum of 39 mg unesterified astaxanthin kg^?1 at least 42 days before sale.     

Atrioventricular valvular insufficiency and congestive heart failure in a carpet python

Right atrioventricular valve insufficiency and bilateral congestive heart failure were identified in a carpet python (Morelia spilota variegata) with the aid of colour Doppler echocardiography, electrocardiography and radiography. The snake failed to respond to diuretic therapy and was euthanased. Based on this case, it appears that bilateral congestive failure is feasible in univentricular animals with lesions restricted to one side of the heart. Loop diuretic therapy may be inappropriate in non-crocodilian reptiles because reptiles lack a loop of Henle.     

大麦DNA导入小麦引起叶耳颜色变异的遗传学初步观察

将二棱大麦（叶舌、叶耳红色）ＤＮＡ通过花粉管途径导入小麦品种“百农３２１７”（叶舌、叶耳无色），获得叶耳、叶舌颜色红色的变异植株。观察其后代（Ｔ２、Ｔ３＊），以及“百农３２１７×叶耳红色Ｔ４株”杂交的Ｆ２。结果表明，变异植株的叶舌、叶耳红色性状表现单基因显性遗传，同时也发现，普通小麦叶舌、叶耳红色性状遗传非一对基因控制（导入处理产生的红色∶无色＝３∶１是叶舌叶耳遗传的一个特例），颜色深浅还有数量基因的累加效应，并且一定环境条件（稀植、低温）可诱导叶舌、叶耳红色表现。     

Fine mapping of the genetic locus L1 conferring black pods using a chromosome segment substitution line population of soybean

The colour of plant organs is a useful trait in crop breeding. The pod colours of soybeans primarily include black, brown and tan types, which are controlled by two classical genetic loci, L1 and L2. Most wild soybeans have black pods, which reflect a possible role in adaptation to the natural environment. Here, an improved chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population SojaCSSLP3 was established to identify the L1 gene. The segment on the 19th chromosome represented by the SSR marker Satt313 was found to link with locus L1. The region was further delimited three times with increased SSR and InDel markers using a population derived from a heterozygous plant of CSSL124 from SojaCSSLP3. The L1 gene was finally located in a 184.43‐kb region between SSR_19p09 and Indel_19P7. Thirteen putative genes in this region were analysed with qRT‐PCR. The expression level of Glyma19 g27460, which is a member of the SANT superfamily with a MYB DNA‐binding domain, was significantly upregulated in black pods and was recognized to be the most likely candidate for the L1 gene.     

Crosses between two subspecies of bay scallop Argopecten irradians and heterosis for yield traits at harvest

In order to improve the yield of bay scallop Argopecten irradians by exploiting geographic subspecies heterosis, crosses between and within two subspecies, the northern A. i. irradians (Lamarck) and the southern A. i. concentricus (Say), were created and the offspring were cultured under the same environmental conditions. The two parental populations were collected from Bohai Bay in northern China and Beibu Bay in southern China, which were distinct in particular shell colours. The results indicated that the shell colour of bay scallop was inheritable and could be used as a morphological mark to distinguish hybrid and purebred individuals. At harvest, hybrid offspring always produced a significantly higher yield than purebred offspring. Positive heterosis was achieved for shell length, shell height, shell width, total weight and adductor weight, which was 5.02, 5.22, 3.88, 7.53 and 9.47 respectively. Hybrid gain was 10.86% for shell length, 10.48% for shell height, 9.77% for shell width, 34.90% for total weight and 41.69% for adductor weight, respectively, and all were significantly >5%. The present study reveals that it is effective for improving yield by hybridization between different geographic subspecies in the bay scallop.     

Inheritance of Eye Pattern and Seed Coat Colour in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.)

The F₂ progenies of crosses between several cowpea (V. unguiculata) lines were investigated for variation of eye pattern and seed coat colour. It was found that three (W, H, O) and five (R, P, B, M, N) major genes control eye pattern and seed coat colour, respectively. The recessive gene (GO) for restricted eye pattern enables the underlying basic white or cream seed coat colour to be observed. A similar effect is obtained with the recessive gene (rr) for colour expression. The expression of mottling (V), possibly a seed coat pattern, may for be observed when it is combined with the genes for certain eye patterns. The significance of these findings in breeding for consumer preference for specific seed coat colour is discussed.     

鹅伴性羽色性状的遗传分析

【目的】 豁眼鹅是我国著名的白鹅品种,其1日龄雏鹅往往呈现黄色或淡黄色。然而,笔者在进行豁眼鹅纯系继代选育过程中,发现自由交配群体的后代中有20%雏鹅个体绒羽呈现浅褐色,且公母比例差别明显（公母比例接近1﹕3）,推测豁眼鹅群体白羽性状存在伴性遗传可能。以雏鹅期浅褐色公鹅和黄色母鹅为亲本,利用杂交试验,检验雏鹅绒羽表型的情况是否符合孟德尔遗传规律,从而揭示鹅羽色性状的遗传方式。为此开展鹅的羽色性状遗传规律及机制研究,以期对鹅新品种或品系的培育以及鹅羽色自别雌雄配套系生产提供指导。【方法】 选用40只豁眼鹅公鹅和200只豁眼鹅母鹅为亲本,组建随机交配群产生豁眼鹅纯系G₁代,观察G₁代中1日龄雏鹅中黄色绒羽和浅褐色绒羽表型的表现和分离比例;4只浅褐色豁眼鹅公鹅和20只黄色豁眼鹅母鹅为亲本,杂交产生F₁代,观察其1日龄雏鹅中黄色绒羽和浅褐色绒羽表型的表现和分离比例。【结果】 ①在豁眼鹅随机交配G₁代中,浅褐色绒羽表型个体的比例为19.5%。其中,公母雏之间浅褐色个体占比差别比较大,公雏中浅褐色的比例在10%左右,而母雏有30%左右的个体呈现浅褐色。根据Hardy-Weinberg定律,绒羽颜色性状等位基因频率计算如下,母雏中浅褐色个体的比例就是豁眼鹅群体中绒羽浅褐色等位基因的频率,本试验中29.8%的母雏个体是呈现浅褐色,所以该等位基因的频率约为0.3。同时,公雏中浅褐色个体比例的开方也能计算出豁眼鹅群体中浅褐色等位基因的频率,本例中,10%的公雏是浅褐色,所以该等位基因的频率约为0.3左右,同母雏计算所得基因频率比较接近。相应的,绒羽黄色等位基因频率则为0.7左右。②杂交F₁中,黄羽81只,占50%;浅褐色79只,占50%。且黄羽全为公雏,浅褐色羽全是母雏。结果表明,浅褐色性状呈伴性遗传;已研究证实,银色羽（S*S）和不完全白化（S*AL）是位于Z染色体上的一对等位基因控制,不完全白化基因AL对银色羽基因S为隐性。因此,根据杂交试验结果,可以初步判断浅褐色和黄色是由一个基因座的复等位基因所决定的结果,且浅褐色对于黄色性状呈隐性遗传。【结论】 本试验通过羽色性状选配杂交和随机交配试验,分析了豁眼鹅1日龄雏鹅绒羽颜色表型的分离情况,结果表明：（1）浅褐色绒羽性状相对黄色绒羽性状为隐性遗传;（2）豁眼鹅雏鹅绒羽浅褐色/黄色性状呈伴性遗传;（3）豁眼鹅雏鹅绒羽颜色性状主要为Z染色体银色羽基因座控制,控制该基因座的等位基因存在变异位点与相应表型关联。     

湄江翠片加工工艺中香气与色泽的相关性初探

详细介绍了湄江翠片茶各种工艺组合,并根据制茶原理,分析了制茶因子对湄江翠片的品质影响,通过分析对比,找出了湄江翠片比较合理的工艺组合。     

黄羽肉鸡群体遗传变异的微卫星分析及其与体重杂种优势的关系

选用10对微卫星引物分析了黄羽肉鸡A、B、C3个品系的遗传结构和差异,并对微卫星标记所计算的个体间遗传距离与C×B、C×A杂交后代的初生至8周龄体重的杂种优势和杂种优势率进行了相关分析。结果表明,10个微卫星标记中有9个表现出多态性,多态信息含量(PIC)和群体杂合度(Heterozigosity)分别为0·4400和0·6811,各品系、各微卫星基因座上都表现出一定差异。利用9个多态微卫星标记计算得出的亲本个体间的遗传距离与后代杂种优势率间多数没有显著的相关(P>0·05),仅C×B组合中亲本个体间平均遗传距离与第8周龄体重杂种优势和杂种优势率间相关显著(P<0·05)。