Essential Fatty Acids and the Cat

Abstract— The physiology of essential fatty acid metabolism in the cat is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on those aspects of the n:6 and n:3 fatty acids, their metabolites and interactions, which relate primarily to the skin. The functional roles, if known, of the fatty acids are discussed. Recent clinical research into the use of essential fatty acid supplements in the management of feline dermatoses is presented. Current indications for the therapeutic supplementation with essential fatty acids are summarised.     

Analysis of a Long-term Experiment with Repeated-measurement Models

Long‐term experiments are a classical case of repeated measurements. Traits are measured on the same experimental unit over many years so that correlations arise between the observations made on the same plot in consecutive years. This paper describes the analysis of a three‐crop‐rotation long‐term experiment. We analysed the yields of the crops and the organic carbon content in the topsoil over 30 consecutive years. Several variance–covariance approaches are discussed and the trait‐specific best fit is interpreted. Mixed models are used to describe the structure of the experiment. Both yields and soil organic carbon show a more or less pronounced variance heterogeneity. Especially for yields, the heterogeneity of cycles and years is dominant. The consideration of correlations results in a better model fit in all cases.     

Diurnal and individual variations in bile acids in the plasma of normal dairy cows

Blood samples were collected every 2 h during a 24 h period from 6 cows of one herd and 10 cows of another herd. In a third herd 9 cows were sampled every 2 h from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. Concentrations of total bile acids, acetoacetate, glucose and free fatty acids were determined in blood plasma. A marked difference in individual bile acid concentrations and patterns of diurnal variation was found. For most cows the highest bile acid values were observed between 2 and 6 a.m. (overall mean (+/- SD) at 6 a.m.: 104 +/- 84 mumol/l, range: 20-307 mumol/l). Fourteen cows with a bile acid value greater than 90 mumol/l at 6 a.m. ("high BA") were characterized as a group by showing a pronounced decrease in the mean bile acid concentration after morning feeding. In the group of 11 cows with a 6 a.m. bile acid value less than 90 mumol/l ("low BA") the time of day did not contribute significantly to the bile acid variation. For the "high BA" group a nearly synchronous variation between the mean values of the 3 feeding dependent parameters (acetoacetate, glucose and free fatty acids) and the mean values of bile acids was found. The within animal coefficients of correlation between bile acids and the feeding dependent parameters were significantly higher in the "high BA" group than in the "low BA" group. No direct connection was found between bile acid levels and the quantity of concentrates fed or the individual milk yield.     

以豆粕为原料制备反刍动物饲用肽的研究

本文通过正交试验,选用碱性微生物蛋白酶,研究得出酶解法制备大豆肽的最佳工艺参数:豆粕预处理条件为90℃水浴加热10min,酶解条件为底物浓度5%(W/V)、加酶量5万单位/g蛋白质、温度50℃、pH值10、酶解时间5.5h。蛋白质水解率达到25%,平均肽链长度为4.0。制得大豆肽粗蛋白质含量66.83%(DM)。并对制得大豆肽和原料豆粕的氨基酸含量进行分析。     

Tall oil fatty acid inclusion in the diet improves performance and increases ileal density of lactobacilli in broiler chickens

1. Studies were conducted with tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) to determine their effect on broiler chicken performance and ileal microbiota. TOFA, a product originating from coniferous trees and recovered by fractional distillation of side-streams from pulp production, mainly comprises free long-chain fatty acids (~90%) and resin acids (~8%). Conjugated linolenic acids and pinolenic acid are characteristic fatty acid components of TOFA.

2. TOFA products at 750 mg/kg feed were tested in two 35-day broiler chicken trials, each using a wheat soya-based diet and with 12 replicate pens per treatment. In both trials, TOFA improved body weight gain at all time points (P < 0.001) and feed conversion efficiency during the first 21 days (P < 0.01). Two different dry TOFA formulations (silica carrier and palm oil coating) were tested and showed performance effects similar to liquid TOFA.

3. Ileal digesta of the broiler chickens was analysed for total eubacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens on days 14 and 35. TOFA significantly increased total eubacteria and lactobacilli density on day 14 (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between these bacterial groups and broiler body weight on day 14 (P < 0.01).

4. A numerical reduction in C. perfringens was observed. In vitro growth inhibition studies showed that C. perfringens was strongly inhibited by 10 mg/l TOFA (P < 0.001), while common lactobacilli were resistant to >250 mg/l. The in vitro results were thus in line with in vivo observations.

5. The mechanisms behind the bacterial shifts and their role in performance improvement are unknown. Further purification of TOFA components is needed to identify the effective agents.     

美仁牦牛肉不同部位常规营养成分及氨基酸和脂肪酸测定分析

摘 要：选取放牧条件下体况良好、体重相近的甘南成年美仁公牦牛 6 头、母牦牛 4头进行屠宰,采取美仁牦牛肉的肩甲、背最长肌、股二头肌三个部位的分割肉。测定不同部位营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸。 结果显示：不同部位美仁牦牛肉的蛋白质含量为22.97%～23.07%,其中股二头肌蛋白质含量最低,背最长肌最高;脂肪含量为1.27%～2.49%,股二头肌脂肪脂肪含量较低,不足1.27%。氨基酸含量丰富,脂肪酸总量依次为肩甲、背最长肌、股二头肌上脑肉。通过对比分析不同部位美仁牦牛肉中营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸等含量存在差异。     

东江水源涵养林不同混交组合林下植物多样性研究

为揭示东江水源涵养林5 年生8种不同混交组合林下植物多样性的差异及其规律。对8种 不同混交组合林分样地开展植物多样性调查,对每种混交组合林下的灌木、藤本、草本层进行植物 多样性评价。结果表明,林下植物丰富度指数均不高,Simpson指数与种间相遇机率(PIE) 在数值 上相等,但其与Shannon-Wiener指数间则相差较大;从林下植物多样性指标的聚类分析看,混交组 合楠木×锥栗、红苞木×枫香、火力楠×红锥、椆木×红锥、格木×海南红豆的植物多样性指数较高,而 混交组合红锥×枫香的植物多样性指数较低。     

不同规格野生黄鳍金枪鱼肌肉营养分析与评价

探究不同规格黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)肌肉营养成分及品质差异,实验以野捕的 3种规格黄鳍金枪鱼J1 (4.2±1.2) kg、J2 (22.5±2.5) kg和J3 (50.8±3.9) kg为研究对象,通过常规生化分析方法对金枪鱼肌肉的常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物质元素进行比较分析。结果显示,(1) J1组水分含量显著高于J2、J3组;J2、J3组粗蛋白含量显著高于J1组(P<0.05);J3组粗脂肪含量显著高于J1、J2组(P<0.05)。(2)检出19种常见氨基酸,氨基酸含量最高的为谷氨酸(3.04~ 3.25 g/100 g),必需氨基酸中含量最高的为赖氨酸(2.02~2.15 g/100 g),最低的为色氨酸(0.31~ 0.45 g/100 g)。非必需氨基酸含量J3>J2>J1 (P<0.05);必需氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量J1组显著低于J3组(P<0.05)。依据氨基酸评分(AAS),缬氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸;以化学评分(CS)为评分标准,J1、J2组第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸,J3组为苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸。(3)各组共检出25种脂肪酸,以多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)为主,含量最高的为二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),占总脂肪酸含量的37.46%~39.18%。DHA含量J3组显著高于J1、J2组;二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量J2、J3组显著高于J1组;DHA∶EPA比值J1组显著高于J2、J3组(P<0.05)。单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量J3>J2>J1;PUFA含量J3组显著高于J1、J2组(P<0.05)。PUFA/饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸/n-6系多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3/n-6)比值J2、J3组显著高于J1组(P<0.05)。h/H比值J3组显著高于J1、J2组(P<0.05)。(4) J2、J3组Na、Ca含量显著高于J1组,J1组K含量最高且显著高于J2、J3组(P<0.05)。4种重金属元素均低于食品中建议的最大允许限量,其中Fe含量最大的为J3组,且J3>J2>J1 (P<0.05);Cu含量最大的为J3组,且显著高于J1组(P<0.05)。综合分析,大规格黄鳍金枪鱼具有更好的营养质量,本研究为居民膳食的选择及黄鳍金枪鱼人工配合饲料的配制提供了科学依据。     

不同卤虫混养比例对生物絮凝系统凡纳滨对虾标粗效果的影响

在生物絮凝凡纳滨对虾养殖系统中,分别以100%、50%、0%的比例投喂活的卤虫幼体(Artemia spp)和饲料(分别记为A组,AF组和F组),研究其对养殖过程中氮素转化途径及转化效率的影响。卤虫以湿质量计算,饲料以干质量计算。试验结果显示,A组亚硝酸盐浓度显著低于另外2组(P<0.05);各组氨氮浓度在养殖第7天时达到峰值,此后迅速降低并维持在1 mg/L以下,3组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);3组硝酸盐浓度均无积累,且略有下降;养殖30 d后,A组对虾存活率(35.67%)显著高于其余两组(均低于30%)(P<0.05);A组对虾终末平均体质量为(1.92±0.96)g,显著低于AF组的(2.99±1.85)g和F组的(3.25±1.23)g(P<0.05),原因可能是卤虫的营养成分相比配合饲料较为单一。     

杨树游离氨基酸组成和含量与青杨天牛危害的相关分析

为了研究不同品系杨树上青杨天牛(Saperda populnea)的危害与树木自然状态下树木体内营养性物质影响昆虫生长发育的游离氨基酸组成和含量之间的相关性,利用HPLC柱前AccQ.Tag衍生法,分析了迎春5号、1344、银中杨、小黑14和施×斯的韧皮部和木质部中游离氨基酸的组成及含量。在各杨树品系韧皮部中共检测出14种游离氨基酸:丙氨酸、精氨酸、天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸;木质部与韧皮部的游离氨基酸种类相近,但木质部缺少苏氨酸。各种杨树品系韧皮部中精氨酸、赖氨酸与被害率相关性较强;杨树木质部中精氨酸、组氨酸与被害率相关性较强。不同杨树品系的健康与被害的韧皮部和木质部在不同种游离氨基酸之间的差异性都很显著。