发酵脐橙粕对番鸭肠道形态结构、肠黏膜免疫功能和微生物多样性的影响

【目的】通过研究发酵脐橙粕对番鸭肠道形态结构、肠黏膜免疫功能和微生物多样性的影响,探究发酵脐橙粕用于番鸭节粮养殖的可行性。【方法】选取健康、体重为(267.33±9.50)g的180只16日龄番鸭,随机分成2组(每组公母各半),每组6个重复,每个重复15只,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂含有100 g/kg发酵脐橙粕的基础饲粮,预饲期7 d,正式试验期48 d。试验结束后,采集番鸭十二指肠组织样品和盲肠内容物。通过HE染色法和免疫组化法检测十二指肠肠道形态学指标和肠黏膜免疫功能指标;采用高通量测序技术对盲肠内容物的微生物16S rDNA进行测序,分析盲肠微生物多样性变化情况。【结果】(1)与对照组相比,100 g/kg发酵脐橙粕可极显著提高番鸭十二指肠的绒毛高度(P<0.01),显著提高绒毛表面积和上皮内淋巴细胞阳性率(P<0.05)。(2)显著物种差异分析结果显示,与对照组相比,饲喂100 g/kg发酵脐橙粕饲粮极显著抑制了番鸭盲肠脱铁杆菌门、厌氧菌科和无胆甾原体等有害菌丰度(P<0.01),极显著提高了黄杆菌属、螺杆菌属和巨单胞菌属等有益菌的丰度(P<0.0...     

苹果腐烂病菌诱导产孢方法

为了研究一种能诱导苹果腐烂病菌快速大量产孢的方法,测试了6种培养基对苹果腐烂病菌的诱导产孢效果。结果发现,苹果腐烂病菌在加蜂蜜水和蛋白胨的带壳大麦上能大量产孢。接种苹果腐烂病菌菌丝的带壳大麦,在黑暗中培养15天后可产生大量黑色子实体。已形成子实体的大麦粒在黑光灯下诱导25天后开始产生分生孢子。每颗大麦粒平均产生11个子实体,其中15%的子实体能溢出分生孢子角。70 g大麦粒上所产生的分生孢子可配制浓度为106个孢子/mL的孢子悬浮液1500~2000 mL。试验还发现,不同的腐烂病菌菌株在同一条件下产孢量存在很大差异。     

苹果幼树死亡诱因、诊断与防控

对矮砧苹果新植苗木和2~5年生幼树死亡的原因进行研究,表明苗木失水与轮纹病菌协同危害是主要原因;冻害、根部与主干病害、肥害及苗木质量差是重要原因。生产上及时发现问题,根据不同症状,进行准确的病因诊断,有针对性地采用不同的防控措施:培育不潜带轮纹病菌的苗木;苗木贮运、栽植和管理过程防止失水;栽植前用杀菌剂铲除部分病菌;防止冻害;2~5年生幼树合理肥水管理;防止贪绿徒长;有效地预防根部和枝干病虫害发生。     

Protective Effects Against Erwinia amylovora Induced by hrp Mutants in the Whole Plant are Only Partially Mimicked in Cultivated Cells

A virulent strain of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of Maloideae, and two of its non-virulent hrp mutants (a secretory and a regulatory mutant) were inoculated into apple cell suspensions either alone or in mixed inoculations. In single inoculations, death of 4- to 5-day-old apple cells occurred only when the concentration of the virulent strain of E. amylovora reached a threshold inoculum concentration of 10⁴CFUml^–1, while high concentrations of the hrp mutants were unable to kill apple cells. When mixed inoculated with the virulent parental strain, both hrp mutants protected apple cells from death caused by the virulent strain. The protective effect was associated with a decrease in the population level of the virulent strain and it was dependent on the non-virulent to virulent inoculum concentration suggesting a competition between the non-virulent mutant and the virulent strain. However, no differential protective ability between the two types of mutants could be noticed, contrary to previous results obtained with apple seedlings or apple flowers in which the regulatory mutant was significantly more effective than the secretory mutant. In conclusion, inoculation of apple cell cultures with E. amylovora does not seem to be a model suitable for investigating mechanisms leading to protection.     

平邑甜茶幼苗与葱混作对苹果连作土壤环境的影响

盆栽条件下研究了葱(Allium fistulosum L.)与平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)混作对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长和生理的影响。结果表明:与连作土对照相比,平邑甜茶与葱混作能促进幼苗株高、地径、鲜样质量、干样质量的增长(分别为对照的1.42倍、1.67倍、3.63倍和2.99倍);提高了平邑甜茶幼苗的根系呼吸速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性(分别为对照的1.58倍、2.74倍、2.41倍和6.79倍);显著提高土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,均表现为混作石灰氮溴甲烷连作土;同时混作土壤中细菌数量为连作对照的2.44倍,放线菌数量为连作土对照的1.79倍,而真菌数量较连作土对照减少了69.4%,土壤中细菌/真菌比值表现为溴甲烷混作石灰氮连作土;提高了土壤真菌的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数,降低了优势度指数;土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量明显减少。平邑甜茶幼苗与葱混作,可以减少连作土壤中真菌数量,提高细菌数量,减轻苹果的连作障碍。     

Dynamic Changes in the Calcium Content of Several Apple Cultivars During the Growing Season

Dynamic changes in calcium content were investigated in eight apple cultivars. The results showed that the calcium concentration in leaves and shoots increased with fruit development. The cultivars displayed only a small difference in the calcium concentration during the early stage of development, the difference became very significant at the late stage of development, especially in shoots. In shoots, for example, calcium content was highest in Starkrimson （19 638.6 mg kg^-1） and lowest in Fuji （8 751.3 mg kg^-1）. Calcium concentration was highest in young fruits and was found to decrease with the growth of fruit, and was characterized by a dramatic drop at the rapid expansion stage. There was a significant difference among cultivars. Young Starkrimson fruits contained the highest calcium concentration of 506.52 mg kg^-1 among cultivars tested, followed by Pink Lady and Fuji. The calcium concentration in mature fruits from high to low is as follows： Starkrimson, Sansa, Pink Lady, Senshu, Gala, Fuji, Red General and New Century. In this study, it was found that eight cultivars continuously assimilated calcium during the whole growing season, especially at the young stage when fruit took up 35-46% of total calcium. The calcium content in fruitlets was low in all cultivars; in the expansion stage, there was rapid absorption of about 30% of total calcium, whereas in the ripening fruit, content of calcium was reduced. The calcium accumulation increased with fruit growth in stalk, similar to that in fruit.     

叶螨危害与苹果叶片无机营养关系初步研究

应用模糊聚类和统计分析方法研究了苹果叶片 P,K,Mo,Zn,Mn,Cu,B,Ca,Mg 和Fe 十种无机营养元素与苹果全爪螨和山楂叶螨危害的关系。结果表明:10种元素与不同果园或地域两种叶螨的发生比例及密度相关;在品种、树龄相同条件下10种元素含量的差异可能是制约叶螨发生的原因之一;苹果不同品种间10种营养元素含量的差异与苹果全爪螨密度有关;Mo,Fe,Mn 和 K 可能是影响两种叶螨发生危害的重要营养元素,它们在叶片上分布的不均匀性可能是导致两种叶螨在同一叶片上生态位分离的主要原因。     

苹果新品种‘红光3号’

‘红光3号’是由‘国光’苹果选育出的芽变新品种。植株生长健壮,抗逆性强,果实性状优异。果实扁圆形,单果质量120 g,果面着条红,着色度85%,果实可溶性固形物含量17.94%,可滴定酸含量0.93%,口感酸甜适口。在河北张承地区果实10月初成熟,丰产稳产,平均产量22.5 t · hm-2。     

苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配用对高原红富士苹果产量和品质的影响

摘要：【目的】苹果树修剪掉的枝条是果园最常见的废弃物,探究苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配用直接还田对红富士苹果产量和品质的影响对提高果园废弃资源利用率具有重要意义。【方法】本试验以14年生乔砧红富士果树为对象,将冬季修剪无病虫害的苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施处理,连续开展了2年定位试验,研究其对红富士苹果产量和品质的影响。【结果】1)与对照比,苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施,明显提高土壤有机质和氮磷钾主要养分含量,苹果废弃枝条L5（10kg/棵+有机肥60kg/棵）和L6（苹果废弃枝条10kg/棵+有机肥70kg/棵）对果园有机质、碱解性氮、速效磷和速效钾含量提高最高,且L5和L6之间差异性不显著;2)与对照比,苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施普遍提高单果重、单株结果量和单株产量,2年定位试验中均是L5和L6提高量最高;3)与对照比,苹果废弃枝与有机肥配施可以显著提高苹果果实硬度、可溶性固形物、Vc含量、可溶性糖含量、固酸比、糖酸比。2年定位试验处理相比硬度、可溶性固形物提高范围不显著,L5和L6提高量最高;可溶性糖含量提高10.94%～12.86%、L5提高量最高。【结论】苹果废弃枝条与有机肥配施对土壤肥力、产量及品质均有显著改善,L5为最佳配比比例。     

抗真菌α-硫堇蛋白DB_4基因导入苹果的研究

［目的］利用转基因的办法提高苹果（Malus domestica Borkh）对叶部病害和幼果期侵染果实病害的抵抗能力。［方法］利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法将绿色组织特异表达的菠菜核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶的激活酶（Rubisco activase）启动子（RCAP）驱动下的α堇蛋白DB4基因转入到“皇家嘎啦”苹果叶片外植体中。［结果］ PCR、Southern blotting分析及GUS检测结果表明,目的基因已经整合到苹果基因组上。［结论］获得了转α堇蛋白DB4基因的转基因苹果。