An evaluation of the Olsen test as a measure of plant-available phosphorus in grassland soils derived from basalt parent material

Abstract. Anecdotal and circumstantial evidence have suggested that the Olsen test underestimates plant-available phosphorus (P) in basaltic soils in Northern Ireland. Therefore, the ability of this test to predict plant-available P in basaltic (and non-basaltic) soils was investigated by regressing Olsen-P data against herbage P indices calculated from plant tissue test data using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system. The average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on basaltic soils was considerably lower than the average Olsen-P concentration for a range of fields situated on non-basaltic soils, and yet mean sward P status, as given by the herbage P indices, was similar for both groups of fields. Herbage P indices were also much better correlated with Olsen-P measurements in non-basaltic soils than in basaltic soils. Furthermore, at low Olsen-P values (≶9mgPL⁻¹) some swards on basaltic soils were genuinely deficient in P, while others were sufficient or even in surplus for this nutrient. The results confirm that Olsen-P is inadequate as a predictor of plant-available P in basaltic soils. It is concluded that an alternative soil test is needed to provide a reliable assessment of plant-available P in basaltic soils, to prevent overuse of fertilizer and manure P and to minimize the amounts of P entering local watercourses.     

Evaluation of two N cycle models for the prediction of N mineralization from grassland soils in the UK

Abstract. The ability of two nitrogen cycle models, of contrasting complexity, to predict N mineralization from a range of grassland soils in the UK, was evaluated. These were NCYCLE, a simple mass balance model of the N cycle in UK grasslands, and CENTURY, a more complex model simulating long-term C, N, P & S dynamics in grassland ecosystems. The models were tested using field measurements of net N mineralization from a range of grassland soils (differing in soil type, history & management practice), obtained over a 2 year period using a soil core incubation technique. This method was considered to measure the total net release of mineral N from the soil organic matter over a specified time, including N which may have been recycled several times. NCYCLE consistently under-estimated mineralization rates at all sites. By contrast, there was some correlation between CENTURY predictions of net N mineralization and field measurements. This may have reflected the different abilities of the two models to simulate N recycling. Neither model, however, was able to predict adequately the effect of cultivation and reseeding on net N mineralization.     

云南省岩溶地区石漠化草原现状及分区保护与修复策略

据最新调查数据,云南省石漠化草原主要分布于曲靖、昆明、红河等5个州( 市),总面积 37.97 万hm²,占岩溶土地面积的3.53%,其分布最广的海拔区间为1 500~2 500 m,占比47.85%, 基岩裸露度分布区间为30%~94%,以植被盖度为10%~19%的分布区间面积最广,占比37.85%, 绝大部分分布于土层薄甚至极薄区域,占比达92.10%。根据石漠化草原空间分布特征,在充分衔 接各大生态保护和修复工程建设规划基础上,统筹考虑岩溶生态系统的完整性、地理单元的连续性 和经济社会发展的可持续性,将云南省石漠化草原区划为6个分区,分区阐述石漠化草原生态保护 与修复策略。     

论森林与草原的作用

本文在文献综述和个人实践的基础上,对森林生态系统和草原生态系统作了描述,分析了它们的特色和功能,评价了林业和草业在西部大开发中的相互关系。     

长期围栏封育对天山中部草地土壤有机碳及微生物量碳的影响

以天山中部中科院巴音布鲁克草原生态观测站三种类型草地长期(26 a)围栏封育样地为研究对象,通过野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,研究了长期(26a)围栏封育对草地土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量的影响,结果表明:(1)围栏外(自然放牧条件下),表层的土壤有机碳含量为高寒草甸(165.29 g·kg-1)＞高寒草甸草原(98.73 g·kg-1)＞高寒草原( 83.54 g·kg-1),微生物量碳含量依次为高寒草甸草原(181.70 mg·kg-1)＞高寒草甸(146.37 mg· kg-1)＞高寒草原( 43.06 mg· kg-1).围栏封育后,高寒草甸、高寒草甸草原、高寒草原表层土壤有机碳含量分别提高了 11.37％、3.26％和2.21％;高寒草甸草原和高寒草甸微生物量碳含量分别增长2.89％和12.04％,而高寒草原降低40.36％.(2)从围栏内外土壤剖面来看,土壤有机碳、微生物量碳含量随着土壤深度的增加依次降低,微生物熵也随土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势.(3)微生物量碳含量与土壤速效钾、全磷含量达到极显著负相关(P＜0.01),与速效磷含量达到极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)与土壤速效氮含量正相关,但不显著.     

退化草地生态修复技术试验研究

采用草地生态学、恢复生态学、农业栽培学、畜牧学等多学科理论,应用宏观与微观相结合的方法,对退化草地的生态修复重建技术进行了系统研究。试验研究结果表明：围栏封育、施肥、松土补播均是退化草地修复的有效措施,封育使草地四度一量分别提高1.97倍、1.18倍、3.31倍、5.11倍、1.85倍;施肥使草产量提高21.62%-80.00%;补播提高5.40%-62.16%,退化草地修复后优良植物群落、营养成份明显提高,植物多样性、丰富度、均匀度明显改善,土壤侵蚀量仅为对照草地的13.46%-33.99%。     

甘肃省肃南县草地治蝗灭鼠工作经验

总结了肃南县１９５５年以来草原治蝗灭鼠为单一人工药物防治发展到生物新技术与新药物相结合的综合治理经验,提出了今后科技力量,开展多渠道,多学科,多部门协作防治的发展方向。     

羊草草原植被监测方法的比较研究

在草原长期生态监测和研究过程中,观测方法的一致性和可比性是保证数据质量及其控制的关键环节,预防观测误差比纠正误差要容易得多。因此,选择什么样的取样方法,在现代标准化和网络化的监测和研究活动中至关重要。通过对两种样线法、巢式样方法和1m×1m样方法等4种方法监测羊草草原植物物种丰富度和生产力的比较研究发现,在草原植被监测,尤其是长期监测过程中,宜将物种丰富度的监测与生产力的监测分离开来。在以物种丰富度为监测目的时,样线法为宜,最小样线长度为400m;在以监测羊草草原群落地上生物量为目的时,1m×1m样方法为宜,最少样方数为10。这样既可以缩小长期固定监测样地的面积,又可以节省人力、物力和财力。     

大针茅根系构型对草地退化的响应

本研究对锡林郭勒典型草原区轻度、中度、重度和极度4个退化梯度草地中大针茅(Stipa grandis)根系构型进行研究。结果表明,1）根分叉数、根表面积和总根长3个参数是分析大针茅根系构型在不同退化程度草地中变化的主要指标,其中根分叉数对该变化的解释力最强,3个参数的累积贡献率为90.7%;2）从轻度、重度到极度退化程度的草地系列中,大针茅的根系构型小型化趋势明显;3）中度退化程度的草地中大针茅根系构型小型化特别明显;4）根系构型小型化最终导致整个植物体小型化,因此在群落退化演替进程中大针茅的建群种作用逐渐减弱并最终为其他优势种取代。